Code-division multiple access: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 19:25, 21 February 2023

Revision as of 23:52, 21 February 2023

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In these schemes, the message is modulated on a longer spreading sequence, consisting of several chips (0es and 1es). Due to their very advantageous auto- and crosscorrelation characteristics, these spreading sequences have also been used for radar applications for many decades, where they are called [[Barker code]]s (with a very short sequence length of typically 8 to 32).

For space-based communication applications, CDMA has been used for many decades due to the large path loss and Doppler shift caused by satellite motion. CDMA is often used with [[binary phase-shift keying]] (BPSK) in its simplest form, but can be combined with any modulation scheme like (in advanced cases) [[quadrature amplitude modulation]] (QAM) or [[orthogonal frequency-division multiplexing]] (OFDM), which typically makes it very robust and efficient (and equipping them with accurate ranging capabilities, which is difficult without CDMA). Other schemes use subcarriers based on [[binary offset carrier modulation]] (BOC modulation), which is inspired by [[Manchester code]]s and enable a larger gap between the virtual center frequency and the subcarriers, which is not the case for OFDM subcarriers. Many carriers (such as [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]] and [[Verizon (mobile network)|Verizon]]) have shut down CDMA networks in early 20232022, rendering CDMA handsets unusable for calls, even to [[9-1-1|911]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2022/02/22/tech/att-3g-network-shutdown/index.html|title=AT&T is shutting down its 3G network. Here’s how it could impact you|first=Samantha Murphy|last=Kelly|date=February 22, 2022|website=[[CNN]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Johnson|first=Allison|date=2021-03-30|title=Verizon will shutter its 3G CDMA by the end of 2022|url=https://www.theverge.com/2021/3/30/22358628/verizon-3g-cdma-shutdown-date-2022|access-date=2021-10-09|website=The Verge|language=en}}</ref>

==History==