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During the second quarter of 2013 79.3 percent of [[smartphone]]s sold worldwide were running a version of [[Android (operating system)|Android]],<ref>{{cite web | url = https://techcrunch.com/2013/08/07/android-nears-80-market-share-in-global-smartphone-shipments-as-ios-and-blackberry-share-slides-per-idc/ | title = Android Nears 80% Market Share In Global Smartphone Shipments, As iOS And BlackBerry Share Slides, Per IDC}}</ref> and the Linux kernel dominates smartphones. Hardware developers have an incentive to deliver Linux drivers for their hardware but, due to competition, no incentive to make these drivers free and open-source. Additional problems are the Android-specific augmentations to the Linux kernel which have not been accepted in [[BitTorrent (software)|mainline]], such as the [[Atomic Display Framework]] (ADF).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://lwn.net/Articles/565422/ |title=Atomic Display Framework}}</ref> ADF is a feature of 3.10 AOSP kernels which provides a [[Direct Rendering Manager#DMA Buffer Sharing and PRIME|dma-buf]]-centric framework between Android's hwcomposer [[HAL (software)|HAL]] and the kernel driver. ADF significantly overlaps with the [[Direct Rendering Manager|DRM]]-[[Mode setting|KMS]] framework. ADF has not been accepted into mainline, but a different set of solutions addressing the same problems (known as [[atomic mode setting]]) is under development. Projects such as [[Hybris (software)|libhybris]] harness Android device drivers to run on Linux platforms other than Android.
== {{anchor|Performance comparison}}Performance comparisons ==
[[Image:Xf86 glxgears.png|thumb|upright=0.50|alt=Three gears: red, blue and green|Glxgears is not well-suited for [[benchmarking]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.free3d.org/faq |title=free3d.org FAQ |quote=Is glxgears an accurate measure of 3D performance? No, it sucks in multiple ways.}}</ref>]]
[[Phoronix]], which compares free drivers, is a source for real-world testing:
* 19 March 2011<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=OTIzMg|title=On Low-End GPUs, Nouveau Speeds Past The NVIDIA Driver|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* 31 March 2013<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=nouveau_2639_flip&num=1|title=Nouveau's OpenGL Performance Approaches The NVIDIA Driver|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A 29 April 2013 comparison of FOSS and proprietary drivers<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=amd_nvidia_15way&num=1|title=15-Way Open vs. Closed Source NVIDIA/AMD Linux GPU Comparison|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A 27 October 2013 comparison of proprietary drivers on Windows 8.1 and Linux<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=gpus_windows81_ubuntu&num=1|title=Ubuntu Linux Gaming Performance Mostly On Par With Windows 8.1|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A 25 January 2014 comparison of FOSS drivers on Linux<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux_2014_opengpu&num=1|title=25-Way Open-Source Linux Graphics Card Comparison|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A 27 January 2014 comparison of proprietary drivers on Linux<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux_gpus_2014start&num=1|title=24-Way AMD Radeon vs. NVIDIA GeForce Linux Graphics Card Comparison|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A 19 March 2014 comparison of [[Ubuntu (operating system)|Ubuntu]] with the Free and open-source graphics device driver distributed as part of [[Mesa 3D]], which outperforms [[Mac OS X]] 10.9.2 when playing [[OpenGL]]-based [[Xonotic]] on a 2013 [[MacBook Air]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=ubuntu_1404_mba2013gl&num=3 |title=Ubuntu 14.04 outperforms OS X 10.9 on 2013 MacBook Air |publisher=[[Phoronix]] |date=2014-03-19 |access-date=2014-03-19}}</ref>
* A January 2017 comparison indicated a difference in power between the Mesa Nouveau and NVidia driver and Kepler and Maxwell. Reclocking is needed for Maxwell in Nouveau to increase level to Kepler. A gap to Mesa exists by 30 to 50% in basic efficiency of driver against Nvidia in all chips.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=nouveau-maxwell-comp&num=1|title=Nouveau Maxwell: Mesa 17.0 + Linux 4.10 vs. NVIDIA's Linux Driver|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A February 2017 comparison indicated that Mesa 17.1dev was equal to or better than the AMD GPU driver 16.60 in OpenGL and 20-30 percent lower in [[Vulkan (API)|Vulkan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radv-mesa171-1year&num=1|title=RADV Mesa 17.1-dev vs. AMDGPU-PRO 16.60 Performance|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A March 2017 comparison indicated improvements in Mesa for RadeonSI between versions 11.1 and 17.1.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radeonsi-111-171&num=1|title=How The RadeonSI OpenGL Performance Has Evolved From Mesa 11.1 To Mesa 17.1 Git|access-date=15 November 2017}}</ref>
* A June 2017 Comparison Windows 10 Radeon Software vs. Ubuntu 17.04 + Linux 4.12 + Mesa 17.2-dev -> Result mesa radeonsi at same level <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radeonsi-win10-fury&num=1|title=Windows 10 Radeon Software vs. Ubuntu 17.04 + Linux 4.12 + Mesa 17.2-dev - Phoronix|website=www.phoronix.com}}</ref>
* A October 2017 Comparison RadeonSI/RADV Mesa 17.3 + AMDGPU DC vs. the proprietary NVIDIA 387.12 Linux Gaming Performance -> Result: Nvidia clear in lead <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa173-dc-nv&num=1|title=RadeonSI/RADV Mesa 17.3 + AMDGPU DC vs. NVIDIA 387.12 Linux Gaming Performance - Phoronix|website=www.phoronix.com}}</ref>
* 2018-02: Comparison Mesa 12 to 18 with AMD R580 and R9 Fury for OpenGL and Vulkan Tests <ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa-120-180&num=1|title=Mesa 12.0 To Mesa 18.0 Benchmarks Show The OpenGL/Vulkan Radeon Evolution - Phoronix|website=www.phoronix.com}}</ref>
* 2018-06: Comparison Mesa 18.2 versus Nvidia Driver 396 with Nvidia GeForce Cards 680 and higher <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=nouveau-summer-2018&num=1|title = The NVIDIA vs. Open-Source Nouveau Linux Driver Benchmarks for Summer 2018}}</ref>
* 2018-07: Comparison Mesa RadeonSI 18.0, 18.1, 18.2 and RadV with Radeon RX Cards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa182-4-july&num=1|title=Mesa 18.0/18.1/18.2 RadeonSI + RADV Benchmark Comparison with Radeon RX 580 / R9 Fury / RX Vega 64}}</ref>
* 2018-10: Comparison AMD Closed Driver 18.40, AMDVLK and Mesa RadeonSI 18.2, 18.3 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radeon-software-1840&num=1|title=Radeon Software 18.40 vs. Mesa vs. AMDVLK Benchmarks with Radeon RX Vega}}</ref>
* 2018-11: Comparison 25 AMD and Nvidia Cards with Mesa 19.0dev and NVIDIA Driver 415 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=gcn10-tww2-radv&num=1|title = AMDGPU+RADV Linux Gaming on GCN 1.0/1.1, 25-Way Warhammer II GPU Benchmarks}}</ref>
* 2019-01: Comparison Linux 5.0 + Mesa 19.0dev + AMD RX Cards and NVIDIA GeForce Driver 415 with Nvidia Cards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=gaming-eojan-2019&num=1|title=NVIDIA vs. Radeon Linux 5.0 + Mesa 19.0 Drivers - 14-Way Gaming GPU Comparison}}</ref>
* 2019-01: Comparison Mesa 18.2, 18.3, 19.0dev RadeonSI/RADV with AMD RX Cards <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=mesa190-rad-jan&num=1|title = Mesa 18.2 vs. 18.3 vs. 19.0 January Benchmarks for RadeonSI/RADV Review}}</ref>
* 2019-05: Comparison Mesa 19.2 AMD Polaris, Vega to Nvidia <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=linux52-mesa192-high&num=1|title=Linux 5.2 + Mesa 19.2 Performance with Polaris/Vega/Vega20 vs. NVIDIA on Ubuntu 19.04}}</ref>
* 2019-12: Comparison Mesa 18.2.8 to 20.0dev for RadeonSI with Radeon RX 580 and RX Vega 64 <ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.phoronix.com/scan.php?page=article&item=radv-radeonsi-19&num=1|title = The Performance Advancements of the Radeon Open-Source OpenGL/Vulkan Drivers over 2019}}</ref>
* 2023-02: comparison Nvidia 2000 to 4000-Series with Nvidia driver to AMD RDNA with Mesa 23.1-dev with good results for Mesa 3d 23.1 <ref>https://www.phoronix.com/review/nvidia-rtx4080-rtx4090-linux/2</ref>
It is uncommon for [[List of video game magazines|video game magazines]] to report benchmark testing on Linux. Benchmarks on Phoronix are limited in scope, primarily testing games which are available on Linux and support automated benchmarking.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://phoronix.com/scan.php?page=news_item&px=Why-Test-Automation |title=The Importance Of Benchmark Automation & Why I Hate Running Linux Games Manually |publisher=[[Phoronix]] |date=2016-06-04 |access-date=2016-06-04}}</ref>
== Software architecture ==
| 