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* silicon microrings placed in the path of an optical signal. Gate photons heat the silicon microring causing a shift in the optical resonant frequency, leading to a change in transparency at a given frequency of the optical supply.<ref>{{Cite book | doi = 10.1364/FIO.2012.FW6C.6| chapter = A Silicon Optical Transistor| title = Frontiers in Optics 2012/Laser Science XXVIII| pages = FW6C.FW66| year = 2012| last1 = Varghese | first1 = L. T. | last2 = Fan | first2 = L. | last3 = Wang | first3 = J. | last4 = Gan | first4 = F. | last5 = Wang | first5 = X. | last6 = Wirth | first6 = J. | last7 = Niu | first7 = B. | last8 = Tansarawiput | first8 = C. | last9 = Xuan | first9 = Y. | last10 = Weiner | first10 = A. M. | last11 = Qi | first11 = M. | journal = Frontiers in Optics. Annual Meeting of the Optical Society of America| volume = 2012| pmid = 28133636| pmc = 5269724| isbn = 978-1-55752-956-5}}</ref>
* a dual-mirror optical cavity that holds around 20,000 [[cesium]] atoms trapped by means of optical tweezers and laser-cooled to a few [[microkelvin]]. The cesium ensemble did not interact with light and was thus transparent. The length of a round trip between the cavity mirrors equaled an integer multiple of the wavelength of the incident light source, allowing the cavity to transmit the source light. Photons from the gate light field entered the cavity from the side, where each photon interacted with an additional "control" light field, changing a single atom's state to be resonant with the cavity optical field, which changing the field's resonance wavelength and blocking transmission of the source field, thereby "switching" the "device". While the changed atom remains unidentified, [[quantum interference]] allows the gate photon to be retrieved from the cesium. A single gate photon could redirect a source field containing up to two photons before the retrieval of the gate photon was impeded, above the critical threshold for a positive gain.<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1126/science.1242905| pmid = 23950521| title = Triggering an Optical Transistor with One Photon| journal = Science| volume = 341| issue = 6147| pages = 725–6| year = 2013| last1 = Volz | first1 = J.| last2 = Rauschenbeutel | first2 = A.| bibcode = 2013Sci...341..725V| s2cid = 35684657}}</ref>
* in an concentrated water solution containing iodide anions<ref>{{Cite journal | doi = 10.1063/5.0130236| title = An ultra-fast liquid switch for terahertz radiation| journal = APL Photonics| volume = 7| issue = 121302| year = 2022| last1 = Buchmann | first1 = A.| last2 = Hoberg | first2 = C.| last3 = Novelli | first3 = F.| page = 121302| bibcode = 2022APLP....7l1302B| doi-access = free}}</ref>
== See also ==
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