Causal loop: Difference between revisions

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Krasnikov writes that these bootstrap paradoxes – information or an object looping through time – are the same; the primary apparent paradox is a physical system evolving into a state in a way that is not governed by its laws.<ref name="Krasnikov2001">{{citation|last=Krasnikov|first=S.|year=2001|title=The time travel paradox|journal=Phys. Rev. D|volume=65|issue=6|page=06401 |arxiv=gr-qc/0109029|bibcode = 2002PhRvD..65f4013K |doi = 10.1103/PhysRevD.65.064013 |s2cid=18460829}}</ref>{{Rp|4}} He does not find this paradoxical, and attributes problems regarding the validity of time travel to other factors in the interpretation of general relativity.<ref name="Krasnikov2001" />{{Rp|14–16}}

A 1992 paper by physicists Andrei Lossev and [[Igor Dmitriyevich Novikov|Igor Novikov]] labeled such items without origin as ''Jinn'', with the singular term ''Jinnee''.<ref name="Lossev1992">{{cite journal|last1=Lossev|first1=Andrei|last2=Novikov|first2=Igor|date=15 May 1992|title=The Jinn of the time machine: non-trivial self-consistent solutions|journal=Class. Quantum Gravity|volume=9|issue=10|pages=2309–2321|url=http://thelifeofpsi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lossev-Novikov-1992.pdf|doi=10.1088/0264-9381/9/10/014|bibcode=1992CQGra...9.2309L|s2cid=250912686 |access-date=16 November 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151117014658/http://thelifeofpsi.com/wp-content/uploads/2015/01/Lossev-Novikov-1992.pdf|archive-date=17 November 2015|url-status=dead}}</ref>{{Rp|2311–2312}} This terminology was inspired by the [[Jinn]] of the [[Quran]], which are described as leaving no trace when they disappear.<ref name="Toomey2012" />{{Rp|200–203}} Lossev and Novikov allowed the term "Jinn" to cover both objects and information with reflexive origin; they called the former "Jinn of the first kind", and the latter "Jinn of the second kind".<ref name="Everett" /><ref name="Lossev1992" />{{Rp|2315–2317}}<ref name="Toomey2012" />{{Rp|208}} They point out that an object making circular passage through time must be identical whenever it is brought back to the past, otherwise it would create an inconsistency; the [[second law of thermodynamics]] seems to require that the object tends to a lower energy state over the course of its history, and such objects that are identical in repeating points in their history seem to contradict this, but Lossev and Novikov argued that since the second law only requires entropy to increase in ''closed'' systems, a Jinnee could interact with its environment in such a way as to regain "lost" entropy.<ref name="Everett" /><ref name="Toomey2012" />{{Rp|200–203}} They emphasize that there is no "strict difference" between Jinn of the first and second kind.<ref name="Lossev1992" />{{Rp|2320}} Krasnikov equivocates between "Jinn", "self-sufficient loops", and "self-existing objects", calling them "lions" or "looping or intruding objects", and asserts that they are no less physical than conventional objects, "which, after all, also could appear only from either infinity, or a singularity."<ref name="Krasnikov2001" />{{Rp|8–9}}

The term ''predestination paradox'' is used in the ''[[Star Trek]]'' franchise to mean "a time loop in which a time traveler who has gone into the past causes an event that ultimately causes the original future version of the person to go back into the past."<ref>{{cite book|last1=Okuda|first1=Michael|last2=Okuda|first2=Denise|title=The Star Trek Encyclopedia|date=1999|publisher=Pocket Books|isbn=0-671-53609-5|page=384}}</ref> This use of the phrase was created for a sequence in a 1996 episode of ''[[Star Trek: Deep Space Nine]]'' titled "[[Trials and Tribble-ations]]",<ref>{{cite book|last1=Erdmann|first1=Terry J.|last2=Hutzel|first2=Gary|title=Star Trek: The Magic of Tribbles|date=2001|publisher=Pocket Books|isbn=0-7434-4623-2|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=W6bvoGUg7G8C&lpg=PP1&pg=PA31 31]}}</ref> although the phrase had been used previously to refer to belief systems such as [[Calvinism]] and some forms of [[Marxism]] that encourage followers to strive to produce certain outcomes while at the same time teaching that the outcomes are predetermined.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Daniels|first=Robert V.|date=May–June 1960|title=Soviet Power and Marxist Determinism|journal=Problems of Communism|volume=9|page=[http://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015059418874;view=1up;seq=159 17]}}</ref> Smeenk and Morgenstern use the term "predestination paradox" to refer specifically to situations in which a time traveler goes back in time to try to prevent some event in the past, but ends up helping to cause that same event.<ref name="smeenk" /><ref name="Morgenstern">{{citation|url=http://cs.nyu.edu/web/Research/TechReports/TR2013-950/TR2013-950.pdf |title=Foundations of a Formal Theory of Time Travel |last=Morgenstern|first=Leora|year=2010|page=6}}</ref>