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=== Neural network based computing ===
Kevin Cherry and [[Lulu Qian]] at Caltech developed a DNA-based artificial neural network that can recognize 100-bit hand-written digits. They achieve this by programming on computer in advance with appropriate set of weights represented by varying concentrations weight molecules which will later be added to the test tube that holds the input DNA strands.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Qian|first1=Lulu|last2=Winfree|first2=Erik|last3=Bruck|first3=Jehoshua|date=July 2011|title=Neural network computation with DNA strand displacement cascades|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=475|issue=7356|pages=368–372|doi=10.1038/nature10262|pmid=21776082|s2cid=1735584|issn=0028-0836}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Cherry|first1=Kevin M.|last2=Qian|first2=Lulu|date=2018-07-04|title=Scaling up molecular pattern recognition with DNA-based winner-take-all neural networks|journal=Nature|language=En|volume=559|issue=7714|pages=370–376|doi=10.1038/s41586-018-0289-6|pmid=29973727|issn=0028-0836|bibcode=2018Natur.559..370C|s2cid=49566504|url=https://authors.library.caltech.edu/84840/}}</ref>
=== Improved speed with Localized (cache-like) Computing ===
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