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== Technological aspects ==
Given the complexity of building energy and mass flows, it is generally not possible to find an [[Closed-form expression|analytical solution]], so the simulation software employs other techniques, such as response function methods, or [[Numerical analysis|numerical methods]] in [[finite difference]]s or [[Finite volume method|finite volume]], as an approximation.<ref name=":0" /> Most of today's whole building simulation programs formulate models using [[imperative programming]] languages. These languages assign values to variables, declare the sequence of execution of these assignments and change the state of the program, as is done for example in [[Compatibility of C and C++|C/C++]], [[Fortran]] or [[MATLAB]]/[[Simulink]]. In such programs, model equations are tightly connected to the solution methods, often by making the solution procedure part of the actual model equations.<ref name=":22">{{Cite journal|last1=Wetter|first1=Michael|last2=Bonvini|first2=Marco|last3=Nouidui|first3=Thierry S.|date=2016-04-01|title=Equation-based languages – A new paradigm for building energy modeling, simulation and optimization|journal=Energy and Buildings|volume=117|pages=290–300|doi=10.1016/j.enbuild.2015.10.017|doi-access=free}}</ref> The use of imperative programming languages limits the applicability and extensibility of models. More flexibility offer simulation engines using symbolic [[Differential-algebraic system of equations|Differential Algebraic Equations]] (DAEs) with general purpose solvers that increase model reuse, transparency and accuracy. Since some of these engines have been developed for more than 20 years (e.g. IDA ICE) and due to the key advantages of equation-based modeling, these simulation engines can be considered as [[State of the art|state of the art technology.]]<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Sahlin|first1=Per|last2=Eriksson|first2=Lars|last3=Grozman|first3=Pavel|last4=Johnsson|first4=Hans|last5=Shapovalov|first5=Alexander|last6=Vuolle|first6=Mika|date=2004-08-01|title=Whole-building simulation with symbolic DAE equations and general purpose solvers|journal=Building and Environment|series=Building Simulation for Better Building Design|volume=39|issue=8|pages=949–958|doi=10.1016/j.buildenv.2004.01.019}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last1=Sahlin|first1=Per|last2=Eriksson|first2=Lars|last3=Grozman|first3=Pavel|last4=Johnsson|first4=Hans|last5=Shapovalov|first5=Alexander|last6=Vuolle|first6=Mika|date=August 2003|title=Will equation-based building simulation make it?-experiences from the introduction of IDA Indoor Climate And Energy|url=https://www.academia.edu/16918862|journal=Proceedings of Building
== Applications ==
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