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==Early systems==
[[File:Cray 1 IMG 9126.jpg|thumb|The first [[Cray-1]] (sample shown with internals) was delivered to the customer with no operating system.<ref>''Targeting the computer: government support and international competition'' by Kenneth Flamm 1987 {{ISBN|0-8157-2851-4}} page 82 [https://books.google.com/books?id=6sf0g4q5Ue8C
The [[CDC 6600]], generally considered the first supercomputer in the world, ran the [[Chippewa Operating System]], which was then deployed on various other [[CDC 6000 series]] computers.<ref name=Vardalas >''The computer revolution in Canada'' by John N. Vardalas 2001 {{ISBN|0-262-22064-4}} page 258.</ref> The Chippewa was a rather simple [[job control (computing)|job control]] oriented system derived from the earlier [[CDC 3000]], but it influenced the later [[CDC KRONOS|KRONOS]] and [[CDC SCOPE (software)|SCOPE]] systems.<ref name=Vardalas /><ref>''Design of a computer: the Control Data 6600'' by James E. Thornton, Scott, Foresman Press 1970 page 163.</ref>
The first [[Cray-1]] was delivered to the Los Alamos Lab with no operating system, or any other software.<ref name=Flamm >''Targeting the computer: government support and international competition'' by Kenneth Flamm 1987 {{ISBN|0-8157-2851-4}} pages 81–83.</ref> Los Alamos developed the application software for it, and the operating system.<ref name=Flamm /> The main timesharing system for the Cray 1, the [[Cray Time Sharing System]] (CTSS), was then developed at the Livermore Labs as a direct descendant of the [[Livermore Time Sharing System]] (LTSS) for the CDC 6600 operating system from twenty years earlier.<ref name=Flamm />
In developing supercomputers, rising software costs soon became dominant, as evidenced by the 1980s cost for software development at Cray growing to equal their cost for hardware.<ref name="MacKenzie"/> That trend was partly responsible for a move away from the in-house [[Cray Operating System]] to [[UNICOS]] system based on [[Unix]].<ref name=MacKenzie /> In 1985, the [[Cray-2]] was the first system to ship with the UNICOS operating system.<ref name=Power >Lester T. Davis, ''The balance of power, a brief history of Cray Research hardware architectures'' in "High performance computing: technology, methods, and applications" by J. J. Dongarra 1995 {{ISBN|0-444-82163-5}} page 126 [https://books.google.com/books?id=iqSWDaSFNvkC
Around the same time, the [[EOS (operating system)|EOS]] operating system was developed by [[ETA Systems]] for use in their [[ETA10]] supercomputers.<ref name=Thorndyke >
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