Geotechnical engineering: Difference between revisions

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In the 19th century, [[Henry Darcy]] developed what is now known as [[Darcy's Law]], describing the flow of fluids in a [[Porous medium|porous media]]. [[Joseph Boussinesq]], a mathematician and physicist, developed theories of stress distribution in elastic solids that proved useful for estimating stresses at depth in the ground. [[William Rankine]], an engineer and physicist, developed an alternative to Coulomb's earth pressure theory. [[Albert Atterberg]] developed the [[Atterberg limits|clay consistency]] indices that are still used today for soil classification.<ref name=das/><ref name=budhu/> In 1885, [[Osborne Reynolds]] recognized that shearing causes volumetric dilation of dense materials and contraction of loose [[granular material]]s.

Modern geotechnical engineering is said to have begun in 1925 with the publication of ''Erdbaumechanik'' by [[Karl Terzaghi|Karl von Terzaghi]], a mechanical engineer and geologist. Considered by many to be the father of modern soil mechanics and geotechnical engineering, [[Karl von Terzaghi|Terzaghi]] developed the principle of effective [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]], and demonstrated that the [[Shear strength (soil)|shear strength]] of soil is controlled by effective stress.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Guerriero V. |first1=Mazzoli S. |title=Theory of Effective Stress in Soil and Rock and Implications for Fracturing Processes: A Review |journal=Geosciences |date=2021 |volume=11 |issue=3 |page=119 |doi=10.3390/geosciences11030119|bibcode=2021Geosc..11..119G |doi-access=free }}</ref> Terzaghi also developed the framework for theories of bearing capacity of foundations, and the theory for prediction of the rate of settlement of clay layers due to [[consolidation (soil)|consolidation]].<ref name=das/><ref name=schofield/><ref name="Lambe and Whitman">Soil Mechanics, Lambe, T.William and Whitman, Robert V., Massachusetts Institute of Technology, John Wiley & Sons., 1969. {{ISBN|0-471-51192-7}}</ref> Afterwards, [[Maurice Biot]] fully developed the three-dimensional soil consolidation theory, extending the one-dimensional model previously developed by Terzaghi to more general hypotheses and introducing the set of basic equations of [[Poroelasticity]].

In 1960, [[Alec Skempton]] carried out an extensive review of the available formulations and experimental data in the literature about the effective stress validity in soil, concrete, and rock in order to reject some of these expressions, as well as clarify what expression was appropriate according to several working hypotheses, such as stress-strain or strength behavior, saturated or non-saturated media, and rock, concrete or soil behavior.

In his 1948 book, Donald Taylor recognized that the interlocking and dilation of densely packed particles contributed to the peak strength of the soil. The interrelationships between the volume change behavior (dilation, contraction, and consolidation) and shearing behavior were all connected via the theory of [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]] using [[critical state soil mechanics]] by Roscoe, Schofield, and Wroth with the publication of "On the Yielding of Soils" in 1958. [[Critical state soil mechanics]] is the basis for many contemporary advanced [[constitutive model]]s describing the behavior of soil.<ref name=Wood>Soil Behavior and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Wood, David Muir, Cambridge University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-521-33782-8}}</ref>

In his 1948 book, Donald Taylor recognized that the interlocking and dilation of densely packed particles contributed to the peak strength of the soil.

InRoscoe, hisSchofield, 1948and bookWroth, Donald Taylor recognized thatwith the interlocking and dilationpublication of densely''On packedthe particlesYielding contributedof toSoils'' thein peak1958, strength ofestablished the soil. The interrelationships between the volume change behavior (dilation, contraction, and consolidation) and shearing behavior were all connected viawith the theory of [[plasticity (physics)|plasticity]] using [[critical state soil mechanics]] by Roscoe, Schofield, and Wroth with the publication of "On the Yielding of Soils" in 1958. [[Critical state soil mechanics]] is the basis for many contemporary advanced [[constitutive model]]s describing the behavior of soil.<ref name="Wood">Soil Behavior and Critical State Soil Mechanics, Wood, David Muir, Cambridge University Press, 1990. {{ISBN|0-521-33782-8}}</ref>

[[Geotechnical centrifuge modeling]] is a method of testing physical scale models of geotechnical problems. The use of a centrifuge enhances the similarity of the scale model tests involving soil because the strength and [[stiffness]] of soil is very sensitive to the confining [[pressure]]. The [[Centrifugal force|centrifugal acceleration]] allows a researcher to obtain large (prototype-scale) stresses in small physical models.