Direct-sequence spread spectrum: Difference between revisions

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After the despreading or removal of the direct-sequence modulation in the receiver, the information bandwidth is restored, while the unintentional and intentional interference is substantially reduced.<ref name="ref 1">{{cite book| title=Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems, 4th ed.| year=2018|last1=Torrieri|first1=Don}}</ref>

The first example of this technique was introduced by actress [[Hedy Lamarr]] and pianist [[George Antheil]]. Their patent for a "secret communications system" was filed in 1941. The design was inspired by the scrolls of mechanical player pianos and tested using a similar, miniaturized device to modulate a continuous signal across a spread of frequencies .<ref>https://www.freepatentsonline.com/2292387.pdf</ref><ref>https://www.allaboutcircuits.com/news/how-actress-hedy-lamarr-the-mother-of-wi-fi--laid-foundation-for-modern-rf-tech/</ref>. [[Swiss people|Swiss]] inventor, [[Gustav Guanella]] proposed an alternative "means for and method of secret signals" soon after.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Espacenet - Bibliographic data|url=https://worldwide.espacenet.com/publicationDetails/biblio?FT=D&date=19460806&DB=worldwide.espacenet.com&locale=en_EP&CC=US&NR=2405500A&KC=A&ND=7|access-date=2020-12-02|website=worldwide.espacenet.com}}</ref> With DSSS, the message bits are modulated by a [[Pseudorandom binary sequence|pseudorandom bit sequence]] known as a spreading sequence. Each spreading-sequence bit, which is known as a chip, has a much shorter duration (larger bandwidth) than the original message bits. The modulation of the message bits scrambles and spreads the pieces of data, and thereby results in a bandwidth size nearly identical to that of the spreading sequence. The smaller the chip duration, the larger the bandwidth of the resulting DSSS signal; more bandwidth multiplexed to the message signal results in better resistance against interference.<ref name="ref 1">{{cite book| title=Principles of Spread-Spectrum Communication Systems, 4th ed.| year=2018|last1=Torrieri|first1=Don}}</ref><ref name="ref 2">{{cite book| title=Principles of Mobile Communication, 4th ed.| year=2017|last1=Stuber|first1=Gordon L.}}</ref>

Some practical and effective uses of DSSS include the [[code-division multiple access]] (CDMA) method, the [[IEEE 802.11#802.11b|IEEE 802.11b]] specification used in [[Wi-Fi]] networks, and the [[Global Positioning System]].<ref name="ref 3">{{cite book|title=Wireless Communications Principles and Practice, 2nd ed.| year=2002|last1=Rappaport|first1=Theodore}}</ref><ref name="ref 4">{{cite book| title=Global Positioning System: Signals, Measurements, and Performance, rev. 2nd ed.| year=2012|last1=Pratep|first1=Misra|last2=Enge|first2=Per}}</ref>