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==Criticism and controversies==
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Modi has been a polarising figure in both political and social circles. Under [[Premiership of Narendra Modi|Modi's tenure]], India has reportedly experienced [[democratic backsliding]].{{Efn|Sources describing that [[India]] has experienced a [[Democratic backsliding|backslide in democracy]]:<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Brunkert|first1=Lennart|last2=Kruse|first2=Stefan|last3=Welzel|first3=Christian|date=3 April 2019|title=A tale of culture-bound regime evolution: the centennial democratic trend and its recent reversal|url=http://fox.leuphana.de/portal/de/publications/a-tale-of-culturebound-regime-evolution-the-centennial-democratic-trend-and-its-recent-reversal(2b6baaf4-3942-4491-92ca-55782d455a62).html|journal=Democratization|volume=26|issue=3|pages=422–443|doi=10.1080/13510347.2018.1542430|s2cid=148625260|issn=1351-0347}}</ref><ref name=":2">{{Cite journal|last=Khaitan|first=Tarunabh|date=26 May 2020|title=Killing a Constitution with a Thousand Cuts: Executive Aggrandizement and Party-state Fusion in India|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/journals/lehr/14/1/article-p49.xml|journal=Law & Ethics of Human Rights|language=en|volume=14|issue=1|pages=49–95|doi=10.1515/lehr-2020-2009|s2cid=221083830|issn=2194-6531|hdl=11343/241852|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":4">{{Cite web|last=Ganguly|first=Sumit|title=India's Democracy Is Under Threat|url=https://foreignpolicy.com/2020/09/18/indias-democracy-is-under-threat/|access-date=27 November 2020|website=Foreign Policy|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=|first=|date=2021|title=Freedom in the World 2021:India|url=https://freedomhouse.org/country/india/freedom-world/2021|journal=Freedom House|volume=|pages=|via=|quote=While India is a multiparty democracy, the government led by Prime Minister Narendra Modi and his Hindu nationalist Bharatiya Janata Party (BJP) has presided over discriminatory policies and increased violence affecting the Muslim population. The constitution guarantees civil liberties including freedom of expression and freedom of religion, but harassment of journalists, nongovernmental organizations (NGOs), and other government critics has increased significantly under Modi.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news|date=2 April 2020|title=Under Modi, India's Press Is Not So Free Anymore|language=en-US|work=The New York Times|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/04/02/world/asia/modi-india-press-media.html|access-date=9 March 2021|issn=0362-4331}}</ref>|name="lo9"|group=lower-alpha}} His administration introduced the [[Citizenship (Amendment) Act, 2019|Citizenship Amendment Act]], Abrogation of [[Article 370 of the Constitution of India|Article 370]], [[National Register of Citizens|NRC]] which resulted in [[Citizenship Amendment Act protests|widespread protests]] across the country.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/international/archive/2019/12/india-citizenship-law-protest/603793/|title=When Is a Protest Too Late?|last1=Serhan|first1=Yasmeen|date=18 December 2019|website=The Atlantic|access-date=21 December 2019}}, Quote: "Though the protesters in India share a common opposition to the new citizenship law, their reasons for rejecting the legislation vary."</ref> Described as engineering a political realignment towards [[right-wing politics]], Modi remains a figure of controversy domestically and internationally over his Hindu nationalist beliefs and his alleged role during the [[2002 Gujarat riots]], cited as evidence of an [[Social exclusion|exclusionary social]] agenda.{{efn|Sources discussing the controversy surrounding Modi.<ref name="Buncombe">{{cite news |title=A rebirth dogged by controversy |first=Andrew |last=Buncombe |url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |work=The Independent |date=19 September 2011 |access-date=10 October 2012 |___location=London |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111225024707/http://www.independent.co.uk/news/world/asia/a-rebirth-dogged-by-controversy-2357157.html |archive-date=25 December 2011 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Mishra |first=Pankaj |title=Perspectives on Modern South Asia: A Reader in Culture, History, and Representation|date=April 2011|publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |isbn=978-1-4051-0062-5|page=188|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=m-EYXNnvMugC|oclc=682895189|editor-first=Kamala |editor-last=Visweswaran|quote=The chief minister of Gujarat, a young up-and-coming leader of the Hindu nationalists called Narendra Modi, quoted Isaac Newton to explain the killings of Muslims. "Every action", he said, "has an equal and opposite reaction."}}</ref><ref name="Stepan" >{{cite journal |last1=Stepan |first1=Alfred |s2cid=153861198 |title=India, Sri Lanka, and the Majoritarian Danger |journal=Journal of Democracy |volume=26 |pages=128–140 |language=en |doi=10.1353/jod.2015.0006 |date=7 January 2015|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/3590a4efe3e1f4f0d5f37d4d1f8fa3fd1e353d97 }}</ref><ref name="CBC">{{cite news|title=Indian PM Narendra Modi still mired in controversy, says expert|publisher=[[Canadian Broadcasting Corporation]]|date=16 April 2015|access-date=17 February 2017|url=http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014073116/http://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/british-columbia/indian-pm-narendra-modi-still-mired-in-controversy-says-expert-1.3036836|archive-date=14 October 2017}}</ref><ref name="Robinson">{{cite magazine |title=India's Voters Torn Over Politician |first=Simon |last=Robinson |url=http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]] |date=11 December 2007 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131023030008/http://content.time.com/time/world/article/0,8599,1693370,00.html |archive-date=23 October 2013 }}</ref><ref name="Burke">{{cite news |title=Gujarat leader Narendra Modi grilled for 10 hours at massacre inquiry |first1=Jason |last1=Burke |author-link=Jason Burke |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |newspaper=[[The Guardian]] |date=28 March 2010 |access-date=10 October 2012 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130909181320/http://www.theguardian.com/world/2010/mar/28/gujarat-narendra-modi-massacre-inquiry-india |archive-date=9 September 2013 }}</ref>|name=|group=}}
[[Reporters Without Borders]] in 2021 characterised Modi as a predator for curbing [[press freedom in India]] since 2014.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Predator Narendra Modi|url=https://rsf.org/en/predator/narendra-modi|access-date=2021-07-23|website=Reporters Without Borders|language=en-US}}</ref> In January 2023, Modi government banned the [[BBC]] documentary [[India: The Modi Question]] which criticised him.
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