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Computer modeling of light transmission through translucent ceramic alumina has shown that microscopic pores trapped near grain boundaries act as primary scattering centers. The volume fraction of porosity had to be reduced below 1% for high-quality optical transmission (99.99 percent of theoretical density). This goal has been readily accomplished and amply demonstrated in laboratories and research facilities worldwide using the emerging chemical processing methods encompassed by the methods of [[sol-gel]] chemistry and [[nanotechnology]].<ref>{{cite journal|author=Yamashita, I.|title=Transparent Ceramics|journal=J. Am. Ceram. Soc.|volume=91|issue=3|page=813|year=2008|doi=10.1111/j.1551-2916.2007.02202.x|display-authors=etal}}</ref>
[[Image:Backlit mushroom.jpg|thumb|Translucency of a material being used to highlight the structure of a
[[Transparent ceramic]]s have created interest in their applications for high energy lasers, transparent armor windows, nose cones for heat seeking missiles, radiation detectors for non-destructive testing, high energy physics, space exploration, security and medical imaging applications. Large [[laser]] elements made from transparent ceramics can be produced at a relatively low cost. These components are free of internal [[Stress (mechanics)|stress]] or intrinsic [[birefringence]], and allow relatively large doping levels or optimized custom-designed doping profiles. This makes ceramic laser elements particularly important for high-energy lasers.
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