Cities for Climate Protection program: Difference between revisions

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== The Cities for Climate Protection program ==

Established in 1993, the CCP program houses more than 650 municipal governments representing over 30 participatory countries.<ref name="Toly, 2008">{{cite journal|last=Toly|first=Noah|title=Transnational Municipal Networks in Climate Politics: From Global Governance to Global Politics|journal=Globalizations|year=2008|volume=5|issue=3|pages=341–356|doi=10.1080/14747730802252479|s2cid=55656724 }}</ref> The CCP program assumes that whilst single local government efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) may be reasonably modest, by working together as a network of authoritative bodies, local authorities can significantly influence efforts to reduce GHG emissions.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004">{{cite journal|last=Betsill|first=Michele|author2=Bulkeley, H.|title=Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program|journal=International Studies Quarterly|year=2004|volume=48|issue=2|pages=471–493|doi=10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x}}</ref> ). As areas of the world with the largest populations and most significant population growth, the world's cities populations reached an extortionate 3.2 billion in 2005, set to increase to a scintillating 5 billion by 2030.<ref name="Toly, 2008" /> Thus indicating by representing 50% of the global population within cities in 2005,<ref name="Toly, 2008" /> cities are a pivotal base point to raise the awareness and initiate action toward reducing GHG emissions. Local authorities of the CCP program ‘regulate, advise, and facilitate action by local communities and stakeholders…in addressing environmental impacts…of energy management, transport, and planning’.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004" />

ICLEI's initial pilot project, the Urban {{CO2}} Reduction Project, brought together American, Canadian and European cities to develop a municipal planning framework to reduce GHG emissions and produce an energy management strategy,<ref name="Lindseth, 2004">{{cite journal|last=Lindseth|first=Gard|title=The Cities for Climate Protection Campaign (CCPC) and the Framing of Local Climate Policy|journal=Local Environment|year=2004|volume=9|issue=4|pages=325–336|doi=10.1080/1354983042000246252|s2cid=56048368 }}</ref> leading to the founding of the CCP program. As part of the figuring of the CCP program network, local authorities engaged with national and international governments, developing and implementing GHG emission reduction strategies, and strategies to protect the ability of the biological environment to remove {{CO2}}.<ref name="ICLEI 1993a">{{cite book|last=ICLEI|title=Municipal Leader's Declaration on Climate Change and the Urban Environment|year=1993a|publisher=United Nations|___location=New York}}</ref> From the provision of the founding of the CCP program network, four main goals were stated:

• ‘Re-enforce local commitments in reducing urban GHG emissions

• Disseminating planning and management tools to facilitate development of cost-effective {{CO2}} reduction policies

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== The CCP as a Local Climate Policy ==

Stemming from membership, CCP cities publicly demonstrate their recognition of global climate change as a ‘legitimate local concern,’ committed to controlling the threats of local greenhouse gas emissions,<ref name="Betsill, 2001">{{cite journal|last=Betsill|first=Michele|title=Mitigating Climate Change in US Cities: opportunities and obstacles|journal=Local Environment|year=2001|volume=6|issue=4|pages=393–406|doi=10.1080/13549830120091699|s2cid=154116644 }}</ref> immediately focusing the CCP program upon city local climate policy agendas. Problematically, many city governments do not take action upon climate change as they see it as a ‘global issue,’ whereby local decision makers should not be concerned. However, member CCP program municipal governments succeed in ‘localising’ global climate concerns, governing a global issue at a local policy scale. CCP cities adhere to linking the controlling of GHG emission policies with issues already implemented upon their agendas.<ref name="Betsill, 2001" /> Climate concerns can be integrated into local policy sectors representing economic development, urban and land-use planning, traffic, housing and tax.<ref name="Lindseth, 2004" /> In getting global climate change issues within local policy, many CCP cities localise the policies that govern the controlling of GHG emissions, as opposed to the intricate problems of climate change.<ref name="Betsill, 2001" /> This way, more issues enter government local policy agendas through the delivery of preferred policy options as a means of solution to climate change problems already being addressed by the government.<ref name="Kingdon, 1995">{{cite book|last=Kingdon|first=J. A.|title=Agendas, Alternatives and Public Policies|url=https://archive.org/details/agendasalternati00king|url-access=registration|year=1995|publisher=Harper Collins|___location=New York|isbn=9780673523891 }}</ref> Local ‘hooks’ is a term often used in US cities to relate the concern of GHG emissions with local issues such as air quality. Such local issues provide the ‘hooks’ by which climate change issues are hung, prompting local governments to retain and address climate change as a localised issue.<ref name="Betsill, 2001" /> If climate concerns at the local level are to matter, and to become a success, more municipal governments must become members of the CCP program, allowing their actions to positively contribute to GHG emissions.<ref name="Lindseth, 2004" />

The CCP program is a resource that [[Municipal government]]s have drawn upon in advancing particular local energy or environmental policies with sizeable global climate consequences, to a manageable scale in which local governments should act and be concerned.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004" /> The program in relation to local climate policy provides inspirations, recognition and legitimation surrounding the environmental responsibilities of local government and in linking such to existent local agendas.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004" /> The CCP cities have negotiated, reiterated and sustained many actions concerning local climate protection,<ref name="Keck & Sikkink, 1998">{{cite book|last=Keck|first=M|title=Activists Beyond Borders: Advocacy Networks in International Politics|year=1998|publisher=Cornell University Press|___location=New York|author2=Sikkink, K}}</ref> in stabilising urban GHG emission reductions.

== The CCP program as a Transnational Governance Network ==

Transnational governance is distinct in that it involves both state and non-state actors, contributing differing sources and capacities of authority.<ref name="Andonova et al, 2009">{{cite journal|last=Andonova|first=L. B |author2=Betsill, M. M. |author3=Bulkeley, H|title=Transnational Climate Governance.|journal=Global Environmental Politics|year=2009|volume=9|issue=2|pages=52–73|doi=10.1162/glep.2009.9.2.52|s2cid=57565967 }}</ref> As a network, they involve ‘regular interaction across national boundaries when at least one actor is a non-state agent or does not operate on behalf of a national government or intergovernmental organisation’.<ref name="Risse-Kappen, 1995">{{cite book|last=Risse-Kappen|first=T|title=Bringing Transnational Relations Back In: Non-State Actors, Domestic Structures and International Institutions|year=1995|publisher=Cambridge University Press|___location=Cambridge}}</ref> The CCP program operates within nation-states via national and regional campaigns, as well as cross boundaries between international nations, between state and non-state actors, fitting Risse-Kappen's transnational governance network definition. Transnational governance networks assemble information, knowledge and values objectifying ‘the integration of new conceptions of… environmental phenomena into everyday worldwide views and practices’ of public and private actors.<ref name="Lipschutz, R">{{cite book |last=Lipschutz |first=R |title=Saving the Seas: Values, Scientists, and International Governance |year=1997 |publisher=Maryland Sea Grant College|___location=College Park, MD |author-link=Networks of Knowledge and Practice: Global Civil Society and Protection of the Global Environment |editor=Brooks, L. A. |editor2=VanDeever, S. D}}</ref> The CCP program is identified as a public transnational governance network, as opposed to a hybrid or private transnational network, as such networks are established by and for public actors.<ref name="Andonova et al, 2009" /> Public transnational governance networks are founded via ductile co-operation such as agreements of understanding, exemplified by the resolution or formal declaration imposed by a pending member of the CCP program, rather than formal sanctions of intergovernmental agreements from the state.<ref name="Andonova et al, 2009" />

<ref name="Slaughter, 2004">{{cite book|last=Slaughter|first=A. M.|title=A New World Order|url=https://archive.org/details/newworldorderann00slau|url-access=registration|year=2004|publisher=Princeton University Press|___location=Princeton, NJ|isbn=9780691116983 }}</ref> and <ref name="Raustiala, K. 2002">{{cite journal|last=Raustiala|first=K|title=The Architecture of International Co-operation: Trans-governmental Networks and the Future of International Law|journal=Virginia Journal of International Law|year=2002|volume=43|issue=1|pages=1–92}}</ref> are celebrated for their work in transnational governance networks in global governance for its importance of development in globalisation. The CCP program is the most influential example of this celebratory work along the climate scale, as a public transnational governance network, involving public authorities in governance across both local and global scales. The CCP program as a transnational governance network exemplifies how boundaries of formal intergovernmental diplomacy are over-reached, engaging in public authoritative steering in seeking to address the mitigation of GHG emissions, at a local scale.<ref name="Andonova et al, 2009" /> As a transnational governance network, the CCP program network is a crucial means in improving municipal performance in respect to climate change. The networks aid on facilitating the process by offering ways for members to contact each other, in circumstances that may involve a joint bid for climate change project funding, or for submitting bids individually.<ref name="Kern & Bulkeley, 2009">{{cite journal|last=Kern|first=Kristine|author2=Bulkeley, H|title=Cities, Europeanisation and Multi-level Governance: Governing Climate Change through Transnational Municipal Networks|journal=Journal of Common Market Studies|year=2009|volume=47|issue=2|pages=309–332|doi=10.1111/j.1468-5965.2009.00806.x|s2cid=154784408 }}</ref>

=== CCP Cities in Maintaining their Transnational Governance Network ===