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===Women in development (WID)===
Anonas Theory
The term “women in development” was originally coined by a Washington-based network of female development professionals in the early 1970s<ref name="Tinker1990">{{cite book|author=Irene Tinker|title=Persistent Inequalities: Women and World Development|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=R6aCgdeafDAC|year=1990|publisher=Oxford University Press|isbn=978-0-19-506158-1|page=30}}</ref> who sought to question [[trickle down effect|trickle down]] existing theories of development by contesting that economic development had identical impacts on men and women.<ref name="Razavi1995p2">{{cite report |last1=Razavi |first1=Shahrashoub |last2=Miller |first2=Carol |year=1995 |title=From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the Women and Development discourse |url=http://unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/ab82a6805797760f80256b4f005da1ab/d9c3fca78d3db32e80256b67005b6ab5/$FILE/opb1.pdf |journal=United Nations Research Institute Occasional Paper Series |publisher=United Nations Research Institute for Social Development |volume=1 |page=2 |access-date=22 November 2013|hdl=10419/148819 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The Women in Development movement (WID) gained momentum in the 1970s, driven by the resurgence of women's movements in developed countries, and particularly through liberal feminists striving for equal rights and labour opportunities in the United States.<ref name="Razavi1995p3">{{cite report |last1=Razavi |first1=Shahrashoub |last2=Miller |first2=Carol |year=1995 |title=From WID to GAD: Conceptual shifts in the Women and Development discourse |url=http://unrisd.org/unrisd/website/document.nsf/ab82a6805797760f80256b4f005da1ab/d9c3fca78d3db32e80256b67005b6ab5/$FILE/opb1.pdf |journal=United Nations Research Institute Occasional Paper Series |publisher=United Nations Research Institute for Social Development |volume=1 |page=3 |access-date=22 November 2013|hdl=10419/148819 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> [[Liberal feminism]], postulating that women's disadvantages in society may be eliminated by breaking down customary expectations of women by offering better education to women and introducing equal opportunity programmes,<ref name="Connell1987">{{cite book|author=Robert Connell|title=Gender and power: society, the person, and sexual politics|url=https://archive.org/details/genderpowersocie00conn_0|url-access=registration|year=1987|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-1430-3}}</ref> had a notable influence on the formulation of the WID approaches.<ref name="Razavi1995p3"/>
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GAD has been criticized for emphasizing the social differences between men and women while neglecting the bonds between them and also the potential for changes in roles. Another criticism is that GAD does not dig deeply enough into social relations and so may not explain how these relations can undermine programs directed at women. It also does not uncover the types of trade-offs that women are prepared to make for the sake of achieving their ideals of marriage or motherhood.{{sfn|Shifting views...}} Another criticism is that the GAD perspective is theoretically distinct from WID, but in practice, programs seem to have elements of both. Whilst many development agencies are now committed to a gender approach, in practice, the primary institutional perspective remain focused on a WID approach.<ref name="Reeves 2000 33">{{cite book|last=Reeves|first=Hazel|title=Gender and Development: Concepts and Definitions|year=2000|___location=Brighton|isbn=1-85864-381-3|page=33}}</ref> Specifically, the language of GAD has been incorporated into WID programs.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Brown|first=Andrea M.|date=2006-07-20|title=WID and GAD in Dar es Salaam, Tanzania: Reappraising Gender Planning Approaches in Theory and Practice|journal=Journal of Women, Politics & Policy|volume=28|issue=2|pages=57–83|doi=10.1300/J501v28n02_03|s2cid=144490955|issn=1554-477X}}</ref> There is a slippage in reality where gender mainstreaming is often based in a single normative perspective as synonymous to women.<ref>{{cite book|last=True|first=J|title=Feminist Strategies in Global Governance: Gender Mainstreaming|year=2012|publisher=Routledge|___location=New York|page=37}}</ref> Development agencies still advance gender transformation to mean economic betterment for women.<ref name="Reeves 2000 33" /> Further criticisms of GAD is its insufficient attention to culture, with a new framework being offered instead: Women, Culture and Development (WCD).<ref name=":6">{{Cite journal|last1=Chua|first1=Peter|last2=Bhavnani|first2=Kum-Kum|last3=Foran|first3=John|date=September 2000|title=Women, Culture, Development: a New Paradigm for Development Studies?|journal=Ethnic and Racial Studies|volume=23|issue=5|pages=820–841|doi=10.1080/01419870050110913|s2cid=144390210}}</ref> This framework, unlike GAD, wouldn't look at women as victims but would rather evaluate the Third World life of women through the context of the language and practice of gender, the Global South, and culture.<ref name=":6" />
==Neoliberal approaches==
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