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Later, around the year of 1990, the availability of methods for rapidly manufacturing models and prototypes stimulated the publication of a great body of literature dedicated to [[rapid prototyping]] techniques and technologies (e.g., [[3D printing]]). Technologies for [[3D printing|additive manufacturing]] (i.e., adding material) or [[Machining|substractive manufacturing]] (i.e., removing material) together with the use of software for [[computer-aided design]] (CAD), leveraged prototype building but also the fabrication of products in limited numbers.
Along the years, further efforts have been dedicated to characterising prototyping in design disciplines in the fields of [[interaction design]], [[User experience design|experience design]],<ref name="Buchenau">{{Cite journal|last1=Buchenau|first1=Marion|last2=Suri|first2=Jane Fulton|date=2000|title=Experience prototyping|url=https://dl.acm.org/doi/pdf/10.1145/347642.347802?casa_token=aJCXf4G3Ze8AAAAA:ts_focl2ekhyxQwk9e5X22FX0BUq1TtuehKRpI9hsJmtY6KdT937jKOKpN1C3vtdLv_cYCTLmUA|journal=Proceedings of the 3rd Conference on Designing Interactive Systems: Processes, Practices, Methods, and Techniques|series=Dis '00|pages=424–433|doi=10.1145/347642.347802|isbn=1581132190|s2cid=6481095}}</ref> [[product design]]<ref>{{Cite book|last=Hallgrimssom|first=Bjarki|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1145028866|title=Prototyping and modelmaking for product design|publisher=Laurence King Publishing|year=2012|isbn=978-1-78067-446-9|oclc=1145028866}}</ref> and [[service design]],<ref name="Blom_Holm" /><ref name="Blom">{{Cite book|last=Blomkvist|first=Johan|url=https://www.diva-portal.org/smash/record.jsf?pid=diva2%3A712357&dswid=-1860|title=Representing future situations of service: prototyping in service design|work=Doctoral dissertation|publisher=Linköping University Electronic Press|year=2014}}</ref><ref name="Stickdorn" /> as well as in product-design-related fields such as engineering/mechanical design.<ref name="Stowe">{{Cite book|last=Stowe|first=David|title=Investigating the Role of Prototyping in Mechanical Design Using Case Study Validation|work=Master Thesis|publisher=Clemson University|year=2008}}</ref><ref name="Camburn">{{Cite journal|last1=Camburn|first1=Bradley|last2=Viswanathan|first2=Vimal|last3=Linsey|first3=Julie|author3-link=Julie Linsey|last4=Anderson|first4=David|last5=Jensen|first5=Daniel|last6=Crawford|first6=Richard|last7=Otto|first7=Kevin|last8=Wood|first8=Kristin|date=2017|title=Design prototyping methods: state of the art in strategies, techniques, and guidelines|journal=Design Science|language=en|volume=3|pages=e13|doi=10.1017/dsj.2017.10|s2cid=116507313|issn=2053-4701|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 2000, designers from [[IDEO]] described ''experience prototyping,'' introducing types of design representations and methods that allow to simulate aspects of an interaction that people experience by themselves.<ref name="Buchenau" /> Experience prototyping can combine various types of prototypes such as spaces, products and interfaces to resemble what the real experience could be like. Around the year of 2010, studies were developed to examine the prototyping of services theorising from the growing practice of service design,<ref name="Blom" /> which later in 2018 were also used as a reference for service design practitioners.<ref name="Stickdorn" />
