Proboscidea: differenze tra le versioni
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→Specie e sottospecie: : specie estinte da en:Proboscidea |
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Riga 61:
I proboscidati sono i più grandi animali che vivono sulla terra ferma. Possono raggiungere un'altezza di 4 m al garrese e peso fino ai 7500 kg. Per poter supportare tale peso, gli arti sono spostati sotto il corpo. La loro caratteristica peculiare è però la [[proboscide]], formata da naso e labbro superiore fusi assieme, che funge da organo di senso ed è utilizzata anche per funzioni relative all'alimentazione e alla vita sociale. Altra peculiarità sono i grandi padiglioni auricolari, riccamente vascolarizzati, che funzionano da radiatori ed eliminano l'eccesso di calore. La [[pelle]] è spessa e con scarsi peli, ma molto delicata, e necessita quindi molte cure come bagni di polvere, fango o acqua in modo da mantenerla morbida ed evitare i parassiti. La terza caratteristica sono le [[zanne]] (dette anche ''difese''), presenti solo nei maschi, che sono incisivi superiori allungati, a crescita continua; i molari sono forniti di caratteristiche serie di creste trasversali; allorché si usurano, vengono spinti anteriormente e sostituiti da nuovi molari più grandi e con più creste. Dopo i 60 anni, non si formano più nuovi denti per cui l'animale è destinato a morire di fame.
==
Le uniche specie viventi appartengono ai generi ''[[Loxodonta]]'' e ''[[Elephas]]'', entrambi appartenenti alla famiglia degli [[Elephantidae]].
* ''[[Loxodonta africana]]'' - Elefante africano delle savane
Riga 73:
Queste sottospecie variano leggermente nella taglia, nel colore della pelle, nella misura e forma delle orecchie.
=== Fossili ===
L'ordine comprendeva le seguenti famiglie e generi estinti:<ref name="Shoshani & Tassy (2005)"/><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1080/14772019.2016.1208687|title=Morphological and ecological diversity of Amebelodontidae (Proboscidea, Mammalia) revealed by a Miocene fossil accumulation of an upper-tuskless proboscidean|journal=Journal of Systematic Palaeontology|volume=15|issue=8|pages=601–615|year=2017|last1=Wang|first1=Shi-Qi|last2=Deng|first2=Tao|last3=Ye|first3=Jie|last4=He|first4=Wen|last5=Chen|first5=Shan-Qin}}</ref><ref name="Mothé et al 2016">{{cite journal|last=Mothé|first=Dimila|last2=Ferretti|first2=Marco P.|last3=Avilla|first3=Leonardo S.|title=The Dance of Tusks: Rediscovery of Lower Incisors in the Pan-American Proboscidean Cuvieronius hyodon Revises Incisor Evolution in Elephantimorpha|journal=PLOS One|volume=11|pages=e0147009|date=12 January 2016|doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0147009|pmid=26756209|pmc=4710528}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|doi=10.1017/jpa.2019.98|title=Filling a gap in the proboscidean fossil record: a new genus from the Lutetian of Senegal|journal=Journal of Paleontology|year=2019|last1=Tabuce|first1=Rodolphe|last2=Sarr|first2=Raphaël|last3=Adnet|first3=Sylvain|last4=Lebrun|first4=Renaud|last5=Lihoreau|first5=Fabrice|last6=Martin|first6=Jeremy|last7=Sambou|first7=Bernard|last8=Thiam|first8=Mustapha|last9=Hautier|first9=Lionel}}</ref>
*'''Proboscidea''' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Illiger, 1811</span>
**†''[[Eritherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gheerbrant, 2009</span>
**†''[[Moeritherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews, 1901</span>
**†''[[Saloumia]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tabuce ''et al.'', 2019</span>
**†[[Plesielephantiformes]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shoshani ''et al.'', 2001</span>
***†[[Numidotheriidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shoshani & Tassy, 1992</span>
****†''[[Phosphatherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gheerbrant ''et al.'', 1996</span>
****†''[[Arcanotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Delmer, 2009</span>
****†''[[Daouitherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gheerbrant & Sudre, 2002</span>
****†''[[Numidotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mahboubi ''et al.'', 1986</span>
***†[[Barytheriidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews, 1906</span>
****†''[[Omanitherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Seiffert ''et al.'', 2012</span>
****†''[[Barytherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews, 1901</span>
***†[[Deinotheriidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Bonaparte, 1845</span>
****†''[[Chilgatherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Sanders ''et al.'', 2004</span>
****†''[[Prodeinotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Ehik, 1930</span>
****†''[[Deinotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Kaup, 1829</span>
**[[Elephantiformes]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy, 1988</span>
***†''[[Eritreum]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Shoshani ''et al.'', 2006</span>
***†''[[Hemimastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pilgrim, 1912</span>
***†''[[Palaeomastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews, 1901</span>
***†''[[Phiomia]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Andrews & Beadnell, 1902</span>
***[[Elephantimorpha]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy & Shoshani, 1997</span>
****†[[Mammutidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hay, 1922</span>
*****†''[[Losodokodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Rasmussen & Gutierrez, 2009</span>
*****†''[[Eozygodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy & Pickford, 1983</span>
*****†''[[Zygolophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Vacek, 1877</span>
*****†''[[Sinomammut]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mothé ''et al.'', 2016</span>
*****†''[[Mammut]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Blumenbach, 1799</span>
****[[Elephantida]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy & Shoshani, 1997</span>
*****†[[Choerolophodontidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gaziry, 1976</span>
******†''[[Afrochoerodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pickford, 2001</span>
******†''[[Choerolophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schlesinger, 1917</span>
*****†[[Amebelodontidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbour, 1927</span>
******†''[[Afromastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pickford, 2003</span>
******†''[[Progomphotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pickford, 2003</span>
******†''[[Eurybelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lambert, 2016</span>
******†''[[Serbelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Frick, 1933</span>
******†''[[Archaeobelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy, 1984</span>
******†''[[Protanancus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Arambourg, 1945</span>
******†''[[Amebelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbour, 1927</span>
******†''[[Konobelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lambert, 1990</span>
******†''[[Torynobelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbour, 1929</span>
******†''[[Aphanobelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Wang ''et al.'', 2016</span>
******†''[[Platybelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Borissiak, 1928</span>
*****†[[Gomphotheriidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hay, 1922</span>
******†''[[Gomphotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Burmeister, 1837</span>
******†''[[Blancotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">May, 2019</span>
******†''[[Gnathabelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbour & Sternberg, 1935</span>
******†''[[Eubelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Barbour, 1914</span>
******†''[[Stegomastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Pohlig, 1912</span>
******†''[[Sinomastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tobien ''et al.'', 1986</span>
******†''[[Notiomastodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Cabrera, 1929</span>
******†''[[Rhynchotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Falconer, 1868</span>
******†''[[Cuvieronius]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Osborn, 1923</span>
*****[[Elephantoidea]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray, 1821</span>
******†[[Anancidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Hay, 1922</span>
*******†''[[Anancus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aymard, 1855</span>
*******†''[[Morrillia]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Osborn, 1924</span>
*******†''[[Paratetralophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Tassy, 1983</span>
*******†''[[Pediolophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Lambert, 2007</span>
*******†''[[Tetralophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Falconer, 1857</span>
******†[[Stegodontidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Osborn, 1918</span>
*******†''[[Stegolophodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Schlesinger, 1917</span>
*******†''[[Stegodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Falconer, 1857</span>
******[[Elephantidae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray, 1821</span>
*******†[[Stegotetrabelodontinae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Aguirre, 1969</span>
********†''[[Stegodibelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Coppens, 1972</span>
********†''[[Stegotetrabelodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Petrocchi, 1941</span>
********†''[[Selenotherium]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Mackaye, Brunet & Tassy, 2005</span>
*******[[Elephantinae]] <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Gray, 1821</span>
********†''[[Primelephas]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Maglio, 1970</span>
********†''[[Palaeoloxodon]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Matsumoto, 1924</span>
********†''[[Mammuthus]]'' <span style="font-variant: small-caps">Brookes, 1828</span>
== Evoluzione ==
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