Java arquebus: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 06:15, 25 May 2023

Revision as of 02:12, 28 May 2023

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== Etymology ==

The term "Java arquebus" is a translation of the [[Chinese language|Chinese]] word 爪哇銃 (Zua Wa Chong)<ref name=":0">{{Cite book |last=Tiaoyuan |first=Li |title=南越筆記 (South Vietnamese Notes) |publisher=Guangju Book Office |year=1969}}</ref><ref name=":8" /> or 瓜哇銃 (Gua Wa Chong).<ref>{{Cite book |last=Fan |first=Zhang |url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=kf7RAAAAMAAJ |title=東西洋考: 12卷, Volume 164 |publisher=台灣商務印書館 (Taiwan Commercial Press) |year=1979}}</ref> In the local language the weapon was known by various names, [[Bedil (term)|bedil]] or bedhil is more commonly used. However, this term has a broad meaning — it may refer to various types of [[firearm]]s and gunpowder weapons, from small pistols to large [[siege guns]]. The term ''bedil'' comes from ''wedil'' (or ''wediyal'') and ''wediluppu'' (or ''wediyuppu'') in the [[Tamil language|Tamil]] language.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Kern|first=H.|date=January 1902|title=Oorsprong van het Maleisch Woord Bedil|journal=Bijdragen tot de Taal-, Land- en Volkenkunde |volume=54|pages=311–312|doi=10.1163/22134379-90002058|doi-access=free}}</ref> In its original form, these words refer to gunpowder blast and [[saltpeter]], respectively. But after being absorbed into ''bedil'' in the [[Malay language]], and in a number of other cultures in the archipelago, that Tamil vocabulary is used to refer to all types of weapons that use gunpowder. In [[Javanese language|Javanese]] and [[Balinese language|Balinese]] the term ''bedil'' and ''bedhil'' is known, in [[Sundanese language|Sundanese]] the term is ''bedil'', in [[Batak languages|Batak]] it is known as ''bodil'', in [[Makassarese language|Makasarese]], ''badili'', in [[Buginese language|Buginese]], ''balili'', in [[Dayak language]], ''badil'', in [[Tagalog language|Tagalog]], ''baril'', in [[Bisayan languages|Bisayan]], ''bádil'', in [[Bikol languages]], ''badil'', and [[Malay People|Malay people]] call it ''badel'' or ''bedil''.<ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://jantungmelayu.com/2018/08/kitab-ilmu-bedil-melayu/|title=Kitab Ilmu Bedil Melayu|last=Syahri|first=Aswandi|date=6 August 2018|website=Jantung Melayu|access-date=10 February 2020}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Rahmawati|first=Siska|date=2016|title=Peristilahan Persenjataan Tradisional Masyarakat Melayu di Kabupaten Sambas|url=http://jurnal.untan.ac.id/index.php/jpdpb/article/view/15615|journal=Jurnal Pendidikan Dan Pembelajaran Khatulistiwa|volume=5}}</ref>

== History ==

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The [[Chinese people]] praised Southern country gun:

<blockquote>Liuxianting (劉獻廷—early [[Qing dynasty|Qing era]] geographer) from the [[Ming dynasty|Ming]] and Qing dynasty says: "Southern people are good at gun warfare, and Southern gun is the best under the heavens". Qu Dajun (屈大均) said: "Southern gun, especially the Javanese gun (爪哇銃) is likened to a strong [[crossbow]]. They are suspended from their shoulders with ropes, and they will be sent together when they meet the enemy. They can penetrate several heavy armors".<ref name=":6" /><ref>{{Cite book|author1=Lý Bá Trọng|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zEe5DwAAQBAJ|title=火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (Guns and Account Books: China and the East Asian World in the Era of Early Economic Globalization)|date=2019|publisher=聯經出版事業公司 (Lianjing Publishing Company)|isbn=978-957-08-5393-3|page=142|language=zh-TW|quote=明清之際人劉獻廷說：「交善火攻，交槍為天下最。」屈大均則說：「有交槍者，其日爪哇銃者，形如強弩，以繩懸絡肩上，遇敵萬統齊發，貫甲數重。」|access-date=2020-07-12}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Kesheng |first=Zheng |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_1JEEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=PT599 |title=明清政争与人物探实 (Political Controversy and Characters in Ming and Qing Dynasties) |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |year=2021 |isbn=9787101151480 |quote=同《鸟枪》谈“ (趾)枪”,“其曰爪哇铳者,形如,绳悬络上,遇敌万铳齐发,贯甲重”。同《》谈“洋者为上,其草随而,人得织,然复而不单,单者作细斜纹,洋国人织”。一五《绵布》说“东绵布,苦不一......故东人殓死者为面,是曰洋布,来自番者为”。(47)}}</ref></blockquote>The Chinese Ming dynasty recorded exports products of Java that were imported to China. These include pepper, sandalwood incense, ivory, horse, iron guns, black slaves, ''balahu chuan'' (叭喇唬船—[[perahu]]), ''zhaowa chong'' (爪哇銃—Javanese gun), and sulfur.<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lK8XEAAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=RA2-PT188 |title=中国与南海周边关系史 (History of China's Relations with the South China Sea) |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |year=2017 |isbn=9787226051870 |editor-last=Shu |editor-first=Yuan |quote=一、药材:胡椒、空青、荜拨、番木鳖子、芦荟、闷虫药、没药、荜澄茄、血竭、苏木、大枫子、乌爹泥、金刚子、番红土、肉豆蔻、白豆蔻、藤竭、碗石、黄蜡、阿魏。二、香料:降香、奇南香、檀香、麻滕香、速香、龙脑香、木香、乳香、蔷薇露、黄熟香、安息香、乌香、丁皮(香)。三、珍宝：黄金、宝石、犀角、珍珠、珊瑙、象牙、龟筒、 孔雀尾、翠毛、珊瑚。四、动物：马、西马、红鹦鹉、白鹦鹉、绿鹦鹉、火鸡、白 鹿、白鹤、象、白猴、犀、神鹿（摸）、鹤顶（鸟）、五色鹦鹉、奥里羔兽。五、金 属制品：西洋铁、铁枪、锡、折铁刀、铜鼓。六、布匹：布、油红布、绞布。[4]此 外，爪哇还向明朝输入黑奴、叭喇唬船、爪哇铣、硫黄、瓷釉颜料等。爪哇朝贡贸易 输人物资不仅种类多，而且数虽可观，如洪武十五年（1382年）一次进贡的胡椒就达 七万五千斤。[5]而民间贸易显更大，据葡商Francisco de Sa记载：“万丹、雅加达等港 口每年自漳州有帆船20艘驶来装载3万奎塔尔（quiutai）的胡椒。"1奎塔尔约合59 公斤则当年从爪哇输入中国胡椒达177万公斤。}}</ref> The Java gun was preferred by the Ming army because of its flexibility and high accuracy—it was said that the gun can be used to snipe birds.<ref name=":9">{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=BIG9DwAAQBAJ&dq=%E7%88%AA%E5%93%87%E9%8A%83&pg=PT79 |title=南海文明圖譜：復原南海的歷史基因◆繁體中文版 (Map of South China Sea Civilization: Restoring the Historical Gene of the South China Sea. Traditional Chinese Version) |publisher=Rúshì wénhuà |year=2019 |isbn=9789578784987 |editor-last=Wenbin |editor-first=Yan |page=70 |quote=除了裝備叭喇唬船以外,明朝軍隊還裝備了爪哇產的火器,稱為爪哇銃。這種火銃與爪哇船一樣,也以小巧靈活著名,射擊精度高,可用於打鳥。當時中國進口並裝備軍隊的外國銃不僅來自爪哇,還有佛郎機,即西班牙和葡萄牙。相比之下,「佛郎機銃大、爪哇銃小」,但前者精準度不如後者。《海國廣記》記載,爪哇「甲兵火銃為東洋諸蕃之冠」。《廣東通志》描繪：「爪哇統小，（爪哇）國人用之甚精，小者可擊雀。中國人用之，積不戒 則擊去數指，或斷 , 掌, 臂。}}</ref> ''Guangdong Tongzhi'' (广东通志), which was compiled as early as 1535, recorded that Java's armored soldiers and guns are the best amongst the Eastern people.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yuan |first=Wei |url=https://books.google.co.idcom/books?id=e2R6DwAAQBAJ |title=魏源全集(五) [The Complete Works of Wei Yuan (5)] |publisher=Beijing Book Co. Inc. |year=2011 |isbn=9787999009627 |quote=《广东通志》:瓜哇国,古诃陵也。一曰阇婆,又名莆家龙,在真腊之南海中洲上。东与婆利,西与(惰)〔堕〕婆登,北接真腊国,南临大海。自占城起程,顺风二十昼夜可至其国。地广人稠,甲兵药铳为东洋诸番之雄。其港口入去马头曰新村。屋店连行为市,买卖商旅最众。}}</ref> The Javanese people use it very skillfully and can accurately hit sparrows. The Chinese also use it. It could break fingers, a palm, and an arm if not used with caution.<ref name=":9" />

=== Malay peninsula ===

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[[File:Vietnam matchlock of Qing period.jpg|thumb|upright|Jiaozhi arquebus of 1739. Note the simple mechanism.]]

[[Đại Việt]] was considered by the Ming to have produced particularly advanced matchlocks during the 16–17th century, surpassing even Ottoman, Japanese, and European firearms. European observers of the [[Lê–Mạc War]] and later [[Trịnh–Nguyễn War]] also noted the proficiency of matchlock making by the Vietnamese. The Vietnamese matchlock was said to have been able to pierce several layers of iron armour, kill two to five men in one shot, yet also fire quietly for a weapon of its caliber. The Chinese called this weapon Jiao Chong (交銃, lit. Jiaozhi Arquebus), and noted its similarity to Zhua Wa Chong/Java arquebus.<ref name=":8">{{Cite book |last=调元 (Tiaoyuan) |first=李 (Li) |url=https://ctext.org/wiki.pl?if=en&chapter=902098&remap=gb |title=南越笔记 (South Vietnamese Notes) |year=1777 |pages=268-269268–269 |via=Chinese Text Project}}</ref><ref name=":0" /><ref name=":10">{{Cite book |last=東洋學 硏究所 (Institute of Oriental Studies) |title=漢韓大辭典 (Chinese-Korean Dictionary) |publisher=檀國大學教出版部 (Dankook University Department of Education and Publication) |year=1999 |isbn=9788970922430 |pages=45 |quote=漢,趙曄《吳越春秋,王使公子光傳》以刺王僚,貫甲達背./清,李調元《南越筆記,粵人善鳥槍》其曰爪哇銃者,形如强弩,以繩懸絡臂上,遇敵萬銃齊發,貫甲數重. .《晉書,李歆傳》士業聞,引兵還,爲遜所逼,士業親貫甲先登,大敗之.}}</ref><ref name=":6">{{Cite book |last=Bozhong |first=Li |url=https://archive.org/details/li_bozhong_the-gun-and-the-ledger/page/141/mode/2up |title=火槍與帳簿：早期經濟全球化時代的中國與東亞世界 (The Gun and the Ledger: China and the East Asian World in the Age of Early Economic Globalization) |publisher=三 聯聯書書店店 (Sanlian Bookstore) |year=2017 |isbn=978-7-108-05674-0 |___location=Beijing |pages=141 |quote=在明末,安南人開發出了一種性能優良的火繩槍,中國人稱之為「交銃」(意即交趾火銃)。有人認為這種交銃在威力及性能等方面都優越於西方和日本的「鳥銃」及「魯密銃」。明清之際人劉獻廷說:「交趾......善火攻,交槍為天下最。」屈大均則說:「有交槍者,其曰爪哇銃者,形如強弩,以繩懸絡肩上,遇敵萬銃齊發,貫甲數重。」}}</ref><ref group="Note">It is to be noted that the Vietnamese (Jiaozhi) arquebus may refer to several kind of matchlock weapon: Arquebus in the model of istinggar, arquebus with bipod under the barrel, arquebus with tripod and swivel mount, and [[jingal]]-styled arquebus.</ref>

== See also ==