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'''Ternate''' is a language of northern [[Maluku Islands|Maluku]], eastern Indonesia. It is spoken by the {{link-interwiki|Ternate people|id|Suku Ternate|lt=Ternate people}}, who inhabit the island of [[Ternate]], as well as many other areas of the archipelago. It is the dominant indigenous language of [[North Maluku]], historically influential as a regional [[lingua franca]]. A [[North Halmahera languages|North Halmahera language]], it is unlike most languages of Indonesia which belong to the [[Austronesian languages|Austronesian language]] family.<ref name=":0" />
Ternate influence is present in many languages of eastern Indonesia, reaching the languages of central and northern [[Sulawesi]].<ref>{{Cite book | first = F.S. | last = Watuseke | chapter = The Ternate Language | translator-first = Clemens L. | translator-last = Voorhoeve | editor-first = Tom | editor-last = Dutton | title = Papers in Papuan Linguistics No. 1 | series = Pacific Linguistics A-73 | year = 1991 | pages = 223–244 | url = https://openresearch-repository.anu.edu.au/bitstream/1885/145736/1/PL-A73.pdf | ___location = Canberra | publisher = Department of Linguistics, Research School of Pacific Studies, Australian National University | isbn = 0-85883-393-X | doi = 10.15144/PL-A73.223 | oclc = 24406501 | language = en }}</ref> The language has been influential as a source of lexical and grammatical borrowing for [[North Moluccan Malay]], the local variant of Malay, which has given rise to other eastern Indonesian offshoots of Malay, such as [[Manado Malay]].<ref>{{Cite book |last=Taylor |first=Paul Michael |title=F.S.A. de Clercq's ''Ternate: The Residency and its Sultanate'' |date=1999 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Libraries |edition=Smithsonian Institution Libraries digital |page=7 |language=en |chapter=Introduction |chapter-url=http://www.sil.si.edu/DigitalCollections/anthropology/ternate/introduction.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Citation |last1=Allen |first1=Robert B. |title=Orientation in the Spice Islands |date=2002 |url=http://sealang.net/sala/archives/pdf4/allen2002orientation.pdf |work=Papers from the Tenth Annual Meeting of the Southeast Asian Linguistics Society |page=21 |publisher=Arizona State University, Program for Southeast Asian Studies |last2=Hayami-Allen |first2=Rika |mode=cs1}}</ref>
== Location and use ==
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This language should be distinguished from [[North Moluccan Malay|Ternate Malay]] (North Moluccan Malay), a local [[Malay-based creole languages|Malay-based creole]] which it has heavily influenced. Ternate serves as the first language of ethnic Ternateans, mainly in the rural areas, while Ternate Malay is nowadays used as a means of interethnic and trade communication, particularly in the urban part of the island.<ref name=lb/><ref>{{Cite web | last = Litamahuputty | first = Betty | title = Description of Ternate Malay | publisher = [[Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology]], [[Jakarta]] station | date = March 10, 2007 | url = http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | url-status = dead | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20070610225430/http://lingweb.eva.mpg.de/jakarta/ternate.php | archive-date = June 10, 2007 }}</ref> More recently, there has been a [[language shift]] from Ternate towards Malay.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mahdi Ahmad |last2=Sumarlam Sumarlam |last3=Djatmika Djatmika |last4=Sri Marmanto |title=Pemertahanan bahasa Ternate pada masyarakat multilingual |journal=Prasasti: Conference Series |date=13 August 2016 |url=https://jurnal.uns.ac.id/prosidingprasasti/article/view/1574 |language=id |pages=466–473 |doi=10.20961/pras.v0i0.1574|doi-broken-date=31 December 2022 }}</ref><ref name="JurnalEtnohistori">{{Citation |first1 = Farida |last1 = Maricar |first2 = Ety |last2 = Duwila |title = Vitalitas bahasa Ternate di Pulau Ternate |date = 2017 |journal = Jurnal Etnohistori: Jurnal Ilmiah Kebudayaan Dan Kesejarahan |volume = 4 |number = 2 |pages = 136–151 |url = https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |language = id |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200903152910/https://ejournal.unkhair.ac.id/index.php/etnohis/article/view/1003 |archive-date = 2020-09-03 }}</ref> It can be assumed that its role as a lingua franca has greatly waned.<ref name="pcd" /> While the Ternate people are scattered all over eastern Indonesia,<ref name="bigenc">{{Cite web |title=ТЕРНАТАНЦЫ |url=https://bigenc.ru/ethnology/text/4189519 |access-date=2022-11-13 |website=Большая российская энциклопедия
|language=ru }}</ref> it is not known how many expatriate Ternateans still speak the language.<ref name="pcd" />
In Indonesian, it is generally known as ''bahasa Ternate''; however, the term ''bahasa Ternate asli'' is sometimes used to distinguish it from Ternate Malay.<ref name="lb">{{Cite journal |last=Litamahuputty |first=Betty |date=2012 |title=A description of Ternate Malay |url=http://wacana.ui.ac.id/index.php/wjhi/article/download/66/60 |journal=Wacana |language=en |volume=14 |issue=2 |page=335}}</ref> ==Written records==
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