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|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190504031536/https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=NWHfY_lvKIQ
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}}</ref> It was created to be a more open alternative to earlier question and answer websites such as [[Experts-Exchange]]. Stack Overflow was sold to [[Prosus]], a Netherlands-based consumer internet conglomerate, on 2 June 2021 for $1.8 billion.<ref>{{cite news|last=Dummett|first=Ben|date=2 June 2021|title=Stack Overflow Sold to Tech Giant Prosus for $1.8 Billion|publisher=Wall Street Journal|url=https://www.wsj.com/articles/software-developer-community-stack-overflow-sold-to-tech-giant-prosus-for-1-8-billion-11622648400|access-date=2 June 2021|archive-date=29 October 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211029175938/https://www.wsj.com/articles/software-developer-community-stack-overflow-sold-to-tech-giant-prosus-for-1-8-billion-11622648400|url-status=live}}</ref>
The website serves as a platform for users to ask and answer questions, and, through membership and active participation, to vote questions and answers up or down similar to [[Reddit]] and edit questions and answers in a fashion similar to a [[wiki]].<ref name="fashion">{{cite web | url = http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2011/10/the-gamification.html | work = Coding Horror Blog | author = Jeff Atwood | date = 2008-09-21 | title = The Gamification | access-date = 2011-01-24 | archive-date = 1 February 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140201063225/http://www.codinghorror.com/blog/2011/10/the-gamification.html | url-status = live }}</ref> Users of Stack Overflow can earn [[Reputation system|reputation points]] and "badges"; for example, a person is awarded 10 reputation points for receiving an "up" vote on a question or an answer to a question,<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stackoverflow.blog/2019/11/13/were-rewarding-the-question-askers/|title=Were Rewarding the Question Askers|access-date=20 November 2019|archive-date=16 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116115224/https://stackoverflow.blog/2019/11/13/were-rewarding-the-question-askers/|url-status=live}}</ref> and can receive badges for their valued contributions,<ref name="soFAQ">{{cite web | url = https://stackoverflow.com/help/whats-reputation | work = Stack Overflow | title = What is reputation? How do I earn (and lose) it? | access-date = 14 August 2010 | archive-date = 9 June 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130609062938/http://stackoverflow.com/help/whats-reputation | url-status = live }}</ref> which represents a [[gamification]] of the traditional Q&A website. Users unlock new privileges with an increase in reputation like the ability to vote, comment, and even edit other people's posts.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges|title=List of privileges|access-date=22 November 2017|archive-date=14 February 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200214143308/https://stackoverflow.com/help/privileges|url-status=live}}</ref>
{{As of|2022|03}} Stack Overflow has over 20 million registered users,<ref>{{Cite web|title=All Sites – Stack Exchange|url=https://stackexchange.com/sites?view=list#users|access-date=2023-03-26|website=stackexchange.com|archive-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122230648/https://stackexchange.com/sites?view=list#users|url-status=live}}</ref> and has received over 24 million questions and 35 million answers.<ref>{{Cite web|title=All Sites – Stack Exchange|url=https://stackexchange.com/sites?view=list#questions|access-date=2023-03-26|website=stackexchange.com|archive-date=22 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191122230648/https://stackexchange.com/sites?view=list#questions|url-status=live}}</ref> The site and similar programming question and answer sites have globally mostly replaced programming books for day-to-day programming reference in the 2000s, and today are an important part of [[computer programming]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Stack Overflow Developer Survey 2021 |url=https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021/?utm_source=social-share&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=dev-survey-2021 |access-date=2022-07-22 |website=Stack Overflow |language=en |archive-date=16 September 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210916193418/https://insights.stackoverflow.com/survey/2021/?utm_source=social-share |url-status=live }}</ref> Based on the type of [[tag (metadata)|tags]] assigned to questions, the top eight most discussed topics on the site are: [[JavaScript]], [[Java (programming language)|Java]], [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]], [[PHP]], [[Android (operating system)|Android]], [[Python (programming language)|Python]], [[jQuery]], and [[HTML]].<ref name="tags">{{cite web | work = Stack Overflow | title = Tags | url = https://stackoverflow.com/tags | access-date = 9 December 2014 | archive-date = 15 February 2020 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20200215125549/https://stackoverflow.com/tags | url-status = live }}</ref>
== History ==
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In 2019, Stack Overflow named Prashanth Chandrasekar as its chief executive officer and Teresa Dietrich as its chief product officer.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Fried |first1=Ina |title=Axios Login: Take Note |url=https://www.axios.com/newsletters/axios-login-a3657826-f987-4435-a235-bff280080da6.html?chunk=4#story4 |access-date=26 February 2020 |publisher=Axios |date=25 September 2019 |archive-date=10 May 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200510194411/https://www.axios.com/newsletters/axios-login-a3657826-f987-4435-a235-bff280080da6.html?chunk=4#story4 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2021, [[Prosus]], a Netherlands-based subsidiary of [[South Africa]]n media company [[Naspers]], announced a deal to acquire Stack Overflow for $1.8 billion.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Dummett |first1=Ben |title=
=== Security breach ===
In early May 2019, an update was deployed to Stack Overflow's development version. It contained a bug which allowed an attacker to grant themselves privileges in accessing the production version of the site. Stack Overflow published on their blog that approximately 184 public network users were affected by this breach, which "could have returned IP address, names, or emails".<ref name="Cimpanu">{{Cite web|url=https://www.zdnet.com/article/stack-overflow-says-hackers-breached-production-systems/|title=Stack Overflow says hackers breached production systems|last=Cimpanu|first=Catalin|website=ZDNet|language=en|access-date=2019-06-22|archive-date=7 December 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191207032048/https://www.zdnet.com/article/stack-overflow-says-hackers-breached-production-systems/|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Ferguson |first=Mary |date=2019-05-17 |title=Update to Security Incident [May 17, 2019] |url=https://stackoverflow.blog/2019/05/17/update-to-security-incident-may-17-2019/ |access-date=2022-06-11 |website=Stack Overflow Blog |language=en-US |archive-date=19 May 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220519214227/https://stackoverflow.blog/2019/05/17/update-to-security-incident-may-17-2019/ |url-status=live }}</ref>
== Content ==
Stack Overflow only accepts questions about programming that are tightly focused on a specific problem. Questions of a broader nature—or those inviting answers that are inherently a matter of opinion—are usually rejected by the site's users, and marked as closed. The sister site softwareengineering.stackexchange.com is intended to be a venue for broader queries, e.g. general questions about [[software development]].<ref>{{cite web|author=<!--Not stated-->|title=How do I ask a good question?|url=https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask|access-date=2021-04-26|archive-date=25 April 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210425190449/https://stackoverflow.com/help/how-to-ask|url-status=live}}</ref>
Closing questions is a main differentiation from other Q&A sites like [[Yahoo! Answers]] and a way to prevent low quality questions. The mechanism was overhauled in 2013; questions edited after being put "on hold" now appear in a review queue.<ref>{{cite web|title=The war of the closes|date=25 June 2013|url=https://stackoverflow.blog/2013/06/25/the-war-of-the-closes/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803223431/https://stackoverflow.blog/2013/06/25/the-war-of-the-closes/|archive-date=3 August 2019|access-date=3 August 2019}}</ref> Jeff Atwood stated in 2010 that duplicate questions are not seen as a problem but rather they constitute an advantage if such additional questions drive extra traffic to the site by [[Search engine optimization|multiplying relevant keyword hits in search engines]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Dr. Strangedupe: Or, How I Learned to Stop Worrying And Love Duplication|url=https://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/11/dr-strangedupe-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-duplication/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160812004558/http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/11/dr-strangedupe-or-how-i-learned-to-stop-worrying-and-love-duplication/|archive-date=12 August 2016|access-date=19 March 2017|work=stackoverflow.com|date=16 November 2010}}</ref>
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== Technology ==
Stack Overflow is written in [[C Sharp (programming language)|C#]] using the [[ASP.NET MVC]] ([[model–view–controller|Model–View–Controller]]) framework, and [[Microsoft SQL Server]] for the database<ref name="soStack">{{cite web | title= What Was Stack Overflow Built With? | url= https://blog.stackoverflow.com/2008/09/what-was-stack-overflow-built-with/ | work= Stack Overflow Blog | author= Jeff Atwood | date= 2008-09-21 | access-date= 2009-05-23 | archive-date= 26 April 2016 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20160426184213/http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2008/09/what-was-stack-overflow-built-with/ | url-status= live }}</ref> and the [[Dapper ORM|Dapper]] [[object-relational mapper]] used for data access.<ref name="dapperIntro">{{cite web | title= How I learned to stop worrying and write my own ORM | url= http://samsaffron.com/archive/2011/03/30/How+I+learned+to+stop+worrying+and+write+my+own+ORM | author= Sam Saffron | date= 2011-03-30 | access-date= 2014-07-22 | archive-date= 2 August 2014 | archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20140802022318/http://samsaffron.com/archive/2011/03/30/How+I+learned+to+stop+worrying+and+write+my+own+ORM | url-status= live }}</ref> Unregistered users have access to most of the site's functionality, while users who sign in can gain access to more functionality, such as asking or answering a question, establishing a profile and being able to earn reputation to allow functionality like editing questions and answers without peer review or voting to close a question.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Why should I create an account? – Help Center|url=https://stackoverflow.com/help/why-register|access-date=2021-03-28|website=Stack Overflow|archive-date=28 March 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210328093509/https://stackoverflow.com/help/why-register|url-status=live}}</ref>
== Reception ==
Stack Overflow won the [[2020 Webby Award|2020 Webby People's Voice Award for Community]] in the category Web.<ref name="Kastrenakes">{{cite web|last1=Kastrenakes|first1=Jacob|date=20 May 2020|title=Here are all the winners of the 2020 Webby Awards|url=https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski|access-date=22 May 2020|website=The Verge|language=en|archive-date=21 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200521205535/https://www.theverge.com/2020/5/20/21263445/2020-webby-awards-winners-lil-nas-x-nasa-jon-krasinski|url-status=live}}</ref>
The site's culture has been criticized for being unfriendly, especially in the context of gender differences in participation and beginners learning computer science.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Brooke |first1=Siân |title="Condescending, Rude, Assholes": Framing gender and hostility on Stack Overflow. |url=http://aclanthology.lst.uni-saarland.de/W19-3519.pdf |access-date=21 July 2021 |archive-date=21 July 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210721142719/http://aclanthology.lst.uni-saarland.de/W19-3519.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>
A study from the [[University of Maryland]] found that Android developers that used only Stack Overflow as their programming resource tended to write less secure code than those who used only the official Android developer documentation from Google, while developers using only the official Android documentation tended to write significantly less functional code than those who used only Stack Overflow.<ref>Y. Acar, M. Backes, S. Fahl, D. Kim, M. L. Mazurek and C. Stransky, "[https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2017/cmsc818O/papers/get-where-look.pdf You Get Where You're Looking for: The Impact of Information Sources on Code Security] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210214111923/https://www.cs.umd.edu/class/fall2017/cmsc818O/papers/get-where-look.pdf |date=14 February 2021 }}," ''2016 IEEE Symposium on Security and Privacy (SP)'', San Jose, CA, 2016, pp. 289–305. doi: 10.1109/SP.2016.25</ref>
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