Field-programmable analog array: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:26, 10 July 2022

Revision as of 18:51, 4 July 2023

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== History ==

[[File:LYAPUNOV-1 circuit board.jpg|thumb|The LYAPUNOV-1 uses a 4x8 grid of FPAA chips.]]

The term ''FPAA'' was first used in 1991 by Lee and Gulak.<ref name="1 Lee and Gulak">{{cite journal |author=E. K. F. Lee |author2=P. G. Gulak |date=December 1991 |title=A CMOS Field-programmable analog array," |journal=IEEE Journal of Solid-State Circuits |volume=26 |issue=12 |pages=1860-1867 |doi=10.1109/4.104162|s2cid=5323561 }}</ref> They put forward the concept of CABs that are connected via a routing network and configured digitally. Subsequently, in 1992<ref name="2 Lee and Gulak">{{citecitation documentneeded|titledate=Field programmableJuly analogue array based on MOSFET transconductors|s2cid=157026162023}}</ref> and 1995<ref name="3 Lee and Gulak">{{cite book|title=A transconductor-based field programmable analog array|chapter=A transconductor-based field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535521|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Lee|first1=E.K.F.|last2=Gulak|first2=P.G.|pages=198–199|s2cid=56613166}}</ref> they further elaborated the concept with the inclusion of op-amps, capacitors, and resistors. This original chip was manufactured using 1.2&nbsp;µm CMOS technology and operates in the 20&nbsp;kHz range at a power consumption of 80&nbsp;mW.

Pierzchala et al introduced a similar concept named '''electronically-programmable analog circuit''' ('''EPAC''').<ref name="4 Pierzchala">{{cite book|title=Current Mode amplifier/integrator for field programmable analog array|chapter=Current-mode amplifier/Integrator for a field-programmable analog array|doi=10.1109/ISSCC.1995.535520|isbn=0-7803-2495-1|year=1995|last1=Pierzchala|first1=E.|last2=Perkowski|first2=M.A.|last3=Van Halen|first3=P.|last4=Schaumann|first4=R.|pages=196–197|s2cid=60724962}}</ref> It featured only a single integrator. However, they proposed a local interconnect [[Network architecture|architecture]] in order to try to avoid the bandwidth limitations.

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The '''reconfigurable analog signal processor''' ('''RASP''') and a second version were introduced in 2002 by Hall et al.<ref name="6 Hall">{{cite book|title=Field Programmable Analog Arrays: A Floating-Gate Approach|chapter=Field-Programmable Analog Arrays: A Floating—Gate Approach|series=Lecture Notes in Computer Science|year=2002|doi=10.1007/3-540-46117-5_45|s2cid=596774|last1=Hall|first1=Tyson S.|last2=Hasler|first2=Paul|last3=Anderson|first3=David V.|volume=2438|pages=424–433|hdl=1853/5071 |isbn=978-3-540-44108-3|url=http://uilis.unsyiah.ac.id/opentheses/items/show/3084}}</ref><ref name="7 Hall">{{cite journal|title=Large scale field programmable analog arrays for analog signal processing|doi=10.1109/TCSI.2005.853401|year=2005|last1=Hall|first1=T.S.|last2=Twigg|first2=C.M.|last3=Gray|first3=J.D.|last4=Hasler|first4=P.|last5=Anderson|first5=D.V.|journal=IEEE Transactions on Circuits and Systems I: Regular Papers|volume=52|issue=11|pages=2298–2307|s2cid=1148361}}</ref> Their design incorporated high-level elements such as second order [[Band-pass filter|bandpass filters]] and 4 by 4 vector matrix multipliers into the CABs. Because of its architecture, it is limited to around 100&nbsp;kHz and the chip itself is not able to support independent reconfiguration.

In 2004 Joachim Becker picked up the [[parallel connection]] of OTAs (operational transconductance amplifiers) and proposed its use in a hexagonal local interconnection architecture.<ref name="8 Becker">{{cite journalciteseerx |title=.,"A continuous-time field programmable analog array (FPAA) consisting of digitally reconfigurable GM-cells |citeseerx = 10.1.1.444.8748}}{{clarify|reason={{!}}title= does not match title at citeseerx;|date=July 2023}}</ref> It did not require a routing network and eliminated switching the signal path that enhances the frequency response.

In 2005 Fabian Henrici worked with Joachim Becker to develop a switchable and invertible OTA which doubled the maximum FPAA bandwidth.<ref name="9 Becker">{{cite journalciteseerx |title=A Continuous-Time Hexagonal Field-Programmable Analog Array in 0.13 µm CMOS with 186MHz GBW|citeseerx = 10.1.1.444.8748}}{{clarify|reason={{!}}title= does not match title at citeseerx;|date=July 2023}}</ref> This collaboration resulted in the first manufactured FPAA in a [[130 nanometer|0.13&nbsp;µm]] [[CMOS]] technology.

In 2016 Dr. Jennifer Hasler from Georgia Tech designed a FPAA system on a chip that uses analog technology to achieve unprecedented power and size reductions.<ref name="11 Hasler">{{cite journal |date=June 2016 |author=Suma George |author2=Sihwan Kim |author3=Sahil Shah |author4=Jennifer Hasler |author5=Michelle Collins |author6=Farhan Adil |author7=Richard Wunderlich |author8=Stephen Nease |author9=Shubha Ramakrishnan |title=A Programmable and Configurable Mixed-Mode FPAA SoC, Jennifer|journal=IEEE HaslerTransactions eton al.,Very GeorgiaLarge Tech.,Scale JanuaryIntegration 7,(VLSI) Systems |volume=24 |issue=6 |pages=2253-2261 2016|doi=10.1109/TVLSI.2015.2504119|s2cid=14027246}}</ref>

==See also==