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== Two reactions theory ==
[[File:Salientpole axii.png|thumb|A diagram of a salient pole machine with direct (d) and quadrature (q) axes]]
The [[air gap (electrical machine)|air gap]] of the machines with a [[salient pole rotor]] is quite different along the pole axis (so called ''direct axis'') and in the orthogonal direction (so called ''quadrature axis''). [[Andre Blondel]] in 1899 proposed in his paper "Empirical Theory of Synchronous Generators" the '''two reactions theory''' that divided the [[Armature (electrical)|armature]] [[magnetomotive force]] (MMF) into two components: the direct axis component and the quadrature axis component. The '''direct axis''' component is aligned with the magnetic axis of the rotor, while the '''quadrature (or transverse) axis''' component is perpendicular to the direct axis.{{sfn | Gieras | Shen | 2022 | p=211}} The relative strengths of these two components depend on the design of the machine and the operating conditions. Since the equations naturally split into direct and quadrature components, many reactances come in pairs, one for the direct axis (with the index d), one for the quadrature axis (with the index q). In the machines with a [[cylindrical rotor]] the air gap is uniform, the reactances along the d and q axes are equal,{{sfn | Deshpande | 2011 | p=315}} and d/q indices are frequently dropped.
== States of the generator ==
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