Introduction to entropy: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:30, 7 July 2023

Revision as of 14:38, 8 July 2023

Line 10:

If a movie showed coffee being mixed or wood being burned, it would depict things impossible in the real world. Mixing coffee and burning wood are "irreversible". Irreversibility is described by an important law of nature known as the [[second law of thermodynamics]], which says that in an isolated system (a system not connected to any other system) which is undergoing change, entropy increases over time.<ref>Theoretically, coffee can be "unmixed" and wood can be "unburned", but this would need a "machine" that would generate more entropy than was lost in the original process. This is why the second law only holds for isolated system which means they cannot be connected to some external "machine".</ref>

Entropy does not increase indefinitely. A body of matter and radiation eventually will reach an unchanging state, with no detectable flows, and is then said to be in a state of [[thermodynamic equilibrium]]. Thermodynamic entropy has a definite value for such a body and is at its maximum value. When bodies of matter or radiation, initially in their own states of internal thermodynamic equilibrium, are brought together so as to intimately interact and reach a new joint equilibrium, then their total entropy increases. For example, a glass of warm water with an ice cube in it will have a lower entropy than that same system some time later when the ice has melted leaving a glass of cool water. Such processes are irreversible: An ice cube in a glass of warm water will not spontaneously form from a glass of cool water. Some processes in nature are almost reversible. For example, the orbiting of the planets around the sunSun may be thought of as practically reversible: A movie of the planets orbiting the Sun which is run in reverse would not appear to be impossible.

While the second law, and thermodynamics in general, is accurate in its predictions of intimate interactions of complex physical systems behave, scientists are not content with simply knowing how a system behaves, but want to know also ''why'' it behaves the way it does. The question of why entropy increases until equilibrium is reached was answered very successfully in 1877 by a famous scientist named [[Ludwig Boltzmann]]. The theory developed by Boltzmann and others, is known as [[statistical mechanics]]. Statistical mechanics is a physical theory which explains thermodynamics in terms of the statistical behavior of the atoms and molecules which make up the system. The theory not only explains thermodynamics, but also a host of other phenomena which are outside the scope of thermodynamics.