|
== Public banking ==
The EBRD is a public bank, meaning that public institutions such as states are shareholders in those institutions. More precisely, public financial institutions are controlled major predominantly by public authorities (more than 50%) whereas in institutions with public participations, public authorities aren’taren't majority shareholders.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Schmit |first1=Mathias |title=Public Financial Institutions in Europe |last2=Gheeraert |first2=Laurent |last3=Denuit |first3=Thierry |last4=Warny |first4=Cédric |publisher=European Association of Public Banks |year=2011 |___location=Bruxelles}}</ref> Public banks were particularly involved in the economic transition of the former Soviet Republics and Central and Eastern European countries as private banks and other sources of financing didn’tdidn't want to invest for reasons such as those countries’ macroeconomic difficulties as well as political reasons regarding the country’s stability for instance.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Hurlock |first=Matthew H |date=1994 |title=New approaches to economic development: the World Bank, the EBRD, and the negative pledge clause |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/Page?handle=hein.journals/hilj35&div=16&g_sent=1&casa_token=q3_v80WXqFkAAAAA:XwXyzOIXJLpCjPHmKSjGr1IFP_gmRSqTL7w-ptwNacOQTVm3LQzotPHqRreGtBiiagd-cpgGyw&collection=journals |journal=Harv. Int'l. LJ |volume=35}}</ref>
=== Relationship with the EIB ===
In the context of the EU’s investment banking, the EBRD and the EIB have been involved in a rivalry regarding the status of the “EU’s premier development bank”. Major criticism about the EBRD in this situation is related to the fact that non-EU countries are also important shareholders whereas the EIB is completely owned by the EU.<ref>{{Cite news |date=2019-11-25 |title=Clash intensifies over EU's development banks |work=Financial Times |url=https://www.ft.com/content/2dbbd944-0f21-11ea-a225-db2f231cfeae |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20221210/https://www.ft.com/content/2dbbd944-0f21-11ea-a225-db2f231cfeae |archive-date=2022-12-10 |url-access=subscription |access-date=2022-05-20}}</ref> More recently, another source of rivalry was about becoming the new “European Climate and Sustainable Development Bank (ECSDB).<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gavas |first=Mikaela |date=February 9, 2021 |title=The End of the Battle of the European Banks? "Status Quo Plus" Emerges as the Winner |url=https://www.cgdev.org/blog/end-battle-european-banks-status-quo-plus-merges-winner |website=Center for Global Development {{!}} Ideas to Action}}</ref>
=== Public Banks and the CovidCOVID-19 pandemic ===
More recently, since the start of the CovidCOVID-19 pandemic, public banks have had their influence and role increased as they have become important actors of the economic recovery response.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Bilal |first=Sanoussi |title=The rise of public development banks in the European financial architecture for development |publisher=Elcano Royal Institute |year=2021}}</ref> As for the European Bank for Reconstruction and Development, it has committed €21 billion between 2020 and 2021 of activities. More precisely, its own package was established within the scope of the Resilience Framework, the Trade Facilitation Programme and the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme etc.<ref>{{Cite web |title=The EBRD and the coronavirus (Covid-19) pandemic |url=https://www.ebrd.com/what-we-do/coronavirus |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref> In 2020 alone, it has invested €11 billion as part of 411 projects which corresponds to a 10% raison compared to 2019. 72% of its investments were received by the private sector. Moreover, because of this specific context, the EBRD focused some of its operations in sectors other than green investment meaning that it only focused 29% of its investment in this ___domain (compared to 46% in 2019).<ref>{{Cite web |title=EBRD reports record 2020 investment in response to Covid-19 |url=https://www.ebrd.com/news/2021/ebrd-reports-record-2020-investment-in-response-to-covid19.html |access-date=2022-05-20 |website=www.ebrd.com |language=en}}</ref>
== Financing ==
The EBRD is devoted to strengthen its approach to human-rights and also to gender-based issues. For instance, it posted a 14.8 percent year-on-year increase in the number of projects it supports that promote gender inclusion. Moreover, the EBRD established a cross-departmental Human Rights Working Group and has developed internal human rights guidance.
=== CovidCOVID-19 response ===
The EBRD provided €802 million of support under the Vital Infrastructure Support Programme launched in April 2020, an emergency support programme for infrastructure providers which is part of its overall Solidarity Package response to [[COVID-19|CovidCOVID-19]] adopted on 13 March 2020. The package delivered emergency liquidity and the EBRD invested more than €10 billion, both in 2019 and 2020.
=== Partnerships with NGOs ===
=== Regarding its investments ===
Inequality of the lending : most projects were related to the Visegrad countries that were the ones with the most developed private sectors meaning that the ERBD was underinvesting in the countries that were the most supposed to receive its participation. For instance, those countries (CezchCzech Republic, Hungary, Poland) were involved in 46% of the projects signed during the 1991-1993 period.<ref name=":2" />
==== Environmentally harmful projects ====
| 