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'''Adolf Hitler''' (<small>German:</small> [[Help:IPA/Standard German|[ˈaːdɔlf ˈhɪtlɐ]]] (listen); 20 April 1889 – 30 April 1945) was an Austrian-born German politician who was the [[Dictatorship|dictator]] of [[Nazi Germany|Germany]] from 1933 until [[Death of Adolf Hitler|his suicide]] in 1945. [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power|He rose to power]] as the leader of the [[Nazi Party]], becoming the [[Chancellor of Germany|chancellor]] in 1933 and then taking the title of ''[[Führer und Reichskanzler]]'' in 1934. During his dictatorship, he initiated [[European theatre of World War II|World War II in Europe]] by [[Invasion of Poland|invading Poland]] on 1 September 1939. He was closely involved in military operations throughout the war and was central to the perpetration of [[the Holocaust]]: the [[genocide]] of [[Holocaust victims|about six million Jews and millions of other victims]].
== Background ==
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=== Public officials and media ===
In the same speech where Macron denounced the police actions, he also called for protesters to be peaceful.<ref name=":9">{{Cite news |last1=Bisset |first1=Victoria |last2=Suliman |first2=Adela |date=28 June 2023 |title=Protests erupt in Paris after police shoot, kill teen during traffic stop |language=en-US |newspaper=[[The Washington Post]] |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/world/2023/06/28/france-police-shooting-nanterre-nael/ |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url= |archive-date= |issn=0190-8286}}</ref> Macron called upon parents to exercise influence on their children. He was critical of social media promoting videos of the urban conflict and complained of [[violence in video games]] which he said had "intoxicated" some teenagers.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Crisp |first=James |date=30 June 2023 |title=Teenagers in French riots are copying video games, says Emmanuel Macron |language=en-GB |work=[[The Daily Telegraph]] |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/06/30/emmanuel-macron-riots-video-games-teenagers/ |access-date=30 June 2023 |issn=0307-1235 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630154457/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/world-news/2023/06/30/emmanuel-macron-riots-video-games-teenagers/ |archive-date=30 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> Macron also threatened to cut off social media in response to the protests and riots, leading to accusations of authoritarianism.<ref>{{Cite news |date=5 July 2023 |title=Macron threatens to cut off social media during protests |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/07/05/violent-protests-prompt-french-president-to-consider-suspending-social-media-tools |access-date=7 July 2023 |work=[[euronews]] |language=en |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707131713/https://www.euronews.com/2023/07/05/violent-protests-prompt-french-president-to-consider-suspending-social-media-tools |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last=Willsher |first=Kim |date=5 July 2023 |title=Macron accused of authoritarianism after threat to cut off social media |language=en-GB |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/05/french-government-should-control-social-media-during-unrest-macron-says |access-date=7 July 2023 |issn=0261-3077 |archive-date=7 July 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230707131543/https://www.theguardian.com/world/2023/jul/05/french-government-should-control-social-media-during-unrest-macron-says |url-status=live}}</ref> The Interior Ministry urged for calm after the first day of unrest.<ref name=":15">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title='Unexplainable and inexcusable': Macron lays into police after teen shot dead and Paris riots |language=en-AU |work=[[Australian Broadcasting Corporation|ABC News]] |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-28/clashes-with-police-on-the-streets-of-paris/102536888 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630000538/https://www.abc.net.au/news/2023-06-28/clashes-with-police-on-the-streets-of-paris/102536888 |archive-date=30 June 2023}}</ref> Nanterre mayor Patrick Jarry, though expressing "shock" over the video,<ref name=":3">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title=Unrest in Paris after 17-year-old boy shot dead by police |url=https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/28/unrest-in-paris-after-17-year-old-boy-shot-dead-by-police |access-date=28 June 2023 |work=[[euronews]] |language=en |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629172050/https://www.euronews.com/2023/06/28/unrest-in-paris-after-17-year-old-boy-shot-dead-by-police |archive-date=29 June 2023 |url-status=live}}</ref> declared on a 28 June news conference that the prefecture had undergone "one of the worst days of its history", urging citizens to "stop this destructive spiral", and adding that "we want justice for Merzouk; we will obtain it through peaceful mobilization."<ref name=":13">{{Cite news |last1=Breeden |first1=Aurelien |last2=Méheut |first2=Constant |date=28 June 2023 |title=Protests and Sorrow After Fatal Police Traffic Encounter in France |language=en-US |work=[[The New York Times]] |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/world/europe/france-police-shooting-paris-nanterre.html |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230630013949/https://www.nytimes.com/2023/06/28/world/europe/france-police-shooting-paris-nanterre.html |archive-date=30 June 2023 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref>
According to BBC analysis, the thirteen deaths related to refusal to submit to traffic stops the previous year, along with the amplifying effects of social media, made the memory of the unrest in 2005 a key reason why Macron and the French political establishment reacted quickly to calm matters. During his presidency, there has already been significant "anger in the streets" during the [[yellow vests protests]] and the [[2023 French pension reform unrest|protests]] resulting from [[2023 French pension reform law|reforms]] of the [[French pension system]].<ref name=":16">{{Cite news |date=28 June 2023 |title=Paris shooting: Why French government backed family so fast |language=en-GB |work=[[BBC News]] |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66045686 |url-status=live |access-date=28 June 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230629215135/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-66045686 |archive-date=29 June 2023}}</ref>
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