Animal–computer interaction: Difference between revisions

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'''Animal–Computer Interaction''' ('''ACI''') is a field of research for the design and use of technology with, for and by animals covering different kinds of animals from wildlife, zoo and domesticated animals in different roles.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Hirskyj-Douglas |first1=Ilyena |last2=Pons |first2=Patricia |last3=Read |first3=Janet C. |last4=Jaen |first4=Javier |date=June 2018 |title=Seven Years after the Manifesto: Literature Review and Research Directions for Technologies in Animal Computer Interaction |journal=Multimodal Technologies and Interaction |language=en |volume=2 |issue=2 |pages=30 |doi=10.3390/mti2020030 |issn=2414-4088|doi-access=free }}</ref> It emerged from, and was heavily influenced by, the discipline of [[Human–computer interaction]] (HCI). As the field expanded, it has become increasingly multi-disciplinary, incorporating techniques and research from disciplines such as [[artificial intelligence]] (AI), [[requirements engineering]] (RE), and [[Veterinary medicine|veterinary science]].

A central theme of ACI research is establishing how user-centred design approaches and methods from HCI can be adapted to design for animals.<ref name=":0" /><ref>{{cite conference |vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2016|title=Becoming with: Towards the Inclusion of Animals As Participants in Design Processes |book-title=ACI '16: Proceedings of the Third International Conference on Animal-Computer Interaction |___location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=1:1–1:10 |doi=10.1145/2995257.2995392 |isbn=9781450347587 |s2cid=18669570|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10964 |via=Malmö University Publications}}</ref><ref>{{Cite conference | vauthors = Zamansky A, Roshier A, Mancini C, Collins EC, Hall C, Grillaert K, Morrison A, North S, Wirman H |date=2017|title=A Report on the First International Workshop on Research Methods in Animal-Computer Interaction |book-title=CHI EA '17: Proceedings of the 2017 CHI Conference Extended Abstracts on Human Factors in Computing Systems |___location=New York |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=806–815|doi=10.1145/3027063.3052759|isbn=9781450346566|s2cid=22209273}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C, Lawson S, Juhlin O |title=Animal-Computer Interaction: The emergence of a discipline|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=129–134|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.10.003|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/48565/3/IJHCS-SI-ACI-Editorial-ORO.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = North S, Mancini C |date=June 2016|title=Frameworks for ACI: animals as stakeholders in the design process|journal=Interactions|volume=23|issue=4|pages=34–36|doi=10.1145/2946043|s2cid=229345990|issn=1072-5520}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = Zamansky A, Van Der Linden D, Baskin S | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE) |title chapter = Pushing Boundaries of RE: Requirement Elicitation for Non-human Users | date = September 2017 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8049148|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference (RE)|pages=406–411|doi=10.1109/RE.2017.30| hdl = 1983/d9b68bcb-352c-418b-871a-d3c72ffb0d13 |isbn=978-1-5386-3191-1|s2cid=4764365| url = https://research-information.bris.ac.uk/ws/files/184073595/Dirk_van_der_Linden_Pushing_Boundaries_of_RE_Requirement_Elicitation_for_Non_Human_Users.pdf }}</ref> Accordingly, many studies seek to adopt 'animal-centred' approaches to design and research.<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Hirskyj-Douglas I, Read JC, Cassidy B |title=A dog centred approach to the analysis of dogs' interactions with media on TV screens|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=208–220|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.05.007|year=2017}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book| vauthors = Westerlaken M, Gualeni S |date=2014|title=Grounded Zoomorphism: An Evaluation Methodology for ACI Design|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 Workshops on Advances in Computer Entertainment Conference|series=ACE '14 Workshops|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=5:1–5:6|doi=10.1145/2693787.2693796|isbn=9781450333146|s2cid=3171568|url=http://urn.kb.se/resolve?urn=urn:nbn:se:mau:diva-10806 }}</ref><ref name=":1" /><ref>{{Cite journalbook| vauthors = van der Linden D, Zamansky A | datetitle = September 2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW) |title chapter = Agile with Animals: Towards a Development Method | date = September 2017 |chapter-url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/8054889|journal=2017 IEEE 25th International Requirements Engineering Conference Workshops (REW)|pages=423–426|doi=10.1109/REW.2017.11|isbn=978-1-5386-3488-2|s2cid=8244248}}</ref>

In an ''ACI Manifesto'' (2011), Mancini defines one aim of ACI as understanding "the interaction between animals and computing technology within the contexts in which animals habitually live, are active, and socialise with members of the same or other species, including humans".<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |date=July 2011|title=Animal-computer Interaction: A Manifesto|journal=Interactions|volume=18|issue=4|pages=69–73|doi=10.1145/1978822.1978836|s2cid=13009441 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/28857/1/ACI-Manifesto-OpenResearchOnline.pdf}}</ref> She additionally proposes three core design goals for the field: enhancing animals' quality of life and wellbeing; supporting animals in the functions assigned to them by humans; and supporting human-animal relationships. Accordingly, some ACI research has given considerable attention to questions of animal ethics,<ref>{{Cite journal| vauthors = Mancini C |title=Towards an animal-centred ethics for Animal–Computer Interaction|journal=International Journal of Human-Computer Studies|volume=98|pages=221–233|doi=10.1016/j.ijhcs.2016.04.008|year=2017|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/46164/1/Mancini_1-s2.0-S1071581916300180-main.pdf}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=French |first1=Fiona |last2=Hirskyj-Douglas |first2=Ilyena |last3=Väätäjä |first3=Heli |last4=Pons |first4=Patricia |last5=Karl |first5=Sabrina |last6=Chisik |first6=Yoram |last7=Nannoni |first7=Eleonora |last8=Zamansky |first8=Anna |last9=Mangat |first9=Mandeep |last10=Paci |first10=Patrizia |last11=Kasuga |first11=Haruka |last12=Vilker |first12=Dana |date=2021-06-01 |title=Ethics and Power Dynamics in Playful Technology for Animals: Using speculative design to provoke reflection |journal=Academic Mindtrek 2021 |series=Mindtrek 2021 |___location=New York, NY, USA |publisher=Association for Computing Machinery |pages=91–101 |doi=10.1145/3464327.3464366 |isbn=978-1-4503-8514-5|s2cid=237433989 |url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/79012/1/79012.pdf }}</ref> welfare,<ref>{{cite book| vauthors = Mancini C, Van Der Linden J, Kortuem G, Dewsbury G, Mills D, Boyden P |date=2014|title=UbiComp for Animal Welfare: Envisioning Smart Environments for Kenneled Dogs|journal=Proceedings of the 2014 ACM International Joint Conference on Pervasive and Ubiquitous Computing|series=UbiComp '14|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=117–128|doi=10.1145/2632048.2632073|isbn=9781450329682|s2cid=6213881|url=http://oro.open.ac.uk/41242/1/ubicomp%202014%20p117-mancini%20animal%20welfare%20in%20kennels.pdf}}</ref> consent and power.<ref>{{Cite news|url=http://interactions.acm.org/archive/view/july-august-2016/power-participation-and-the-dog-internet|title=Power, Participation, and the Dog Internet| vauthors = Lawson S, Kirman B, Linehan C |date=August 2016|work=Interactions|access-date=23 November 2017 |pages=37 }}</ref>