Encoding (memory): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 16:04, 9 May 2023

Revision as of 20:01, 30 July 2023

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=== Salience ===

{{main|Salience (language)|Salience (neuroscience)}}

When an item or idea is considered "salient", it means the item or idea appears to noticeably stand out.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.merriam-webster.com|title=Definition of Salient|access-date=2020-03-12}}</ref> When information is salient, it may be encoded in memory more efficiently than if the information did not stand out to the learner.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Krauel|first1=Kerstin|last2=Duzel|first2=Emrah|last3=Hinrichs|first3=Hermann|last4=Santel|first4=Stephanie|last5=Rellum|first5=Thomas|last6=Baving|first6=Lioba|date=2007-06-15|title=Impact of Emotional Salience on Episodic Memory in Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder: A Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study|journal=Biological Psychiatry|language=en|volume=61|issue=12|pages=1370–1379|doi=10.1016/j.biopsych.2006.08.051|pmid=17210138|s2cid=23255107}}</ref> In reference to encoding, any event involving survival may be considered salient. Research has shown that survival may be related to the self-reference effect due to evolutionary mechanisms.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Cunningham|first1=Sheila J.|last2=Brady-Van den Bos|first2=Mirjam|last3=Gill|first3=Lucy|last4=Turk|first4=David J.|date=2013-03-01|title=Survival of the selfish: Contrasting self-referential and survival-based encoding|journal=Consciousness and Cognition|language=en|volume=22|issue=1|pages=237–244|doi=10.1016/j.concog.2012.12.005|pmid=23357241|s2cid=14230747|url=https://rke.abertay.ac.uk/en/publications/1a5cf356-4dda-40e1-b1f9-b1764e7971ab}}</ref> Researchers have discovered that even words that are high in survival value are encoded better than words that are ranked lower in survival value.<ref name=":4">{{Cite journal|last1=Nairne|first1=James S.|last2=Thompson|first2=Sarah R.|last3=Pandeirada|first3=Josefa N. S.|date=2007|title=Adaptive memory: Survival processing enhances retention.|journal=Journal of Experimental Psychology: Learning, Memory, and Cognition|language=en|volume=33|issue=2|pages=263–273|doi=10.1037/0278-7393.33.2.263|pmid=17352610|s2cid=2924502 |issn=1939-1285}}</ref><ref name=":5">{{Cite journal|last1=Weinstein|first1=Y.|last2=Bugg|first2=J. M.|last3=Roediger|first3=H. L.|date=2008-07-01|title=Can the survival recall advantage be explained by basic memory processes?|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=36|issue=5|pages=913–919|doi=10.3758/MC.36.5.913|pmid=18630198|issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free}}</ref> Some research supports evolution, claiming that the human species remembers content associated with survival.<ref name=":4" /> Some researchers wanted to see for themselves whether or not the findings of other research was accurate.<ref name=":5" /> The researchers decided to replicate an experiment with results that supported the idea that survival content is encoded better than other content.<ref name=":5" /> The findings of the experiment further suggested that survival content has a higher advantage of being encoded than other content.<ref name=":5" />

=== Retrieval Practice ===