Human performance modeling: Difference between revisions

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== History ==

The [[Human Factors and Ergonomics Society]] (HFES) formed the Human Performance Modeling Technical Group in 2004. Although a recent discipline, [[Human factors and ergonomics|human factors]] practitioners have been constructing and applying models of human performance since [[World War II]]. Notable early examples of human performance models include Paul Fitts' model of aimed motor movement (1954),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Fitts | first1 = P. M. | year = 1954 | title = The information capacity of the human motor system in controlling the amplitude of movement | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 47 | issue = 6| pages = 381–91 | doi=10.1037/h0055392 | pmid=13174710| s2cid = 501599 }}</ref> the choice reaction time models of Hick (1952)<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hick | first1 = W. E. | year = 1952 | title = On the rate of gain of information | journal = Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 4 | issue = 1| pages = 11–26 | doi=10.1080/17470215208416600| s2cid = 39060506 }}</ref> and Hyman (1953),<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Hyman | first1 = R | year = 1953 | title = Stimulus information as a determinant of reaction time | journal = Journal of Experimental Psychology | volume = 45 | issue = 3| pages = 188–96 | doi=10.1037/h0056940 | pmid=13052851| s2cid = 17559281 }}</ref> and the Swets et al. (1964) work on signal detection.<ref>Swets, J. A., Tanner, W. P., & Birdsall, T. G. (1964). Decision processes in perception. ''Signal detection and recognition in human observers'', 3-57.</ref> It is suggested that the earliest developments in HPM arose out of the need to quantify human-system feedback for those military systems in development during WWII (see '''Manual Control Theory''' below), with continued interest in the development of these models augmented by the [[cognitive revolution]] (see '''''Cognition & Memory''''' below).<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal

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==== Pointing ====

Pointing at stationary targets such as buttons, windows, images, menu items, and controls on computer displays is commonplace and has a well-established modeling tool for analysis - [[Fitts's law]] (Fitts, 1954) - which states that the time to make an aimed movement (MT) is a linear function of the index of difficulty of the movement: '''''MT = a + bID'''''. The index of difficulty (ID) for any given movement is a function of the ratio of distance to the target (D) and width of the target (W): '''''ID =''''' '''log₂''(2D/W) -''''' a relationship derivable from [[information theory]].<ref name=":1" /> Fitts' law is actually responsible for the ubiquity of the computer [[Mouse (computing)|mouse]], due to the research of Card, English, and Burr (1978). Extensions of Fitt's law also apply to pointing at spatially moving targets, via the ''[[steering law]]'', originally discovered by C.G. Drury in 1971<ref>{{Cite journal|last=DRURY|first=C. G.|date=1971-03-01|title=Movements with Lateral Constraint|journal=Ergonomics|volume=14|issue=2|pages=293–305|doi=10.1080/00140137108931246|issn=0014-0139|pmid=5093722}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Drury|first1=C. G.|last2=Daniels|first2=E. B.|date=1975-07-01|title=Performance Limitations in Laterally Constrained Movements|journal=Ergonomics|volume=18|issue=4|pages=389–395|doi=10.1080/00140137508931472|issn=0014-0139}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |doi = 10.1109/TSMC.1987.4309061|title = Self-Paced Path Control as an Optimization Task|journal = IEEE Transactions on Systems, Man, and Cybernetics|volume = 17|issue = 3|pages = 455–464|year = 1987|last1 = Drury|first1 = Colin G.|last2 = Montazer|first2 = M. Ali|last3 = Karwan|first3 = Mark H.|s2cid = 10648877}}</ref> and later on rediscovered in the context of human-computer interaction by Accott & Zhai (1997, 1999).<ref>{{Cite journalbook|last1=Accot|first1=Johnny|last2=Zhai|first2=Shumin|date=1997-01-01|title=Beyond Fitts' Law: Models for Trajectory-based HCI Tasks|journal=Proceedings of the ACM SIGCHI Conference on Human Factorsfactors in Computingcomputing Systemssystems |chapter=Beyond Fitts' law |date=1997-01-01|series=CHI '97|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=295–302|doi=10.1145/258549.258760|isbn=0897918029|s2cid=53224495}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journalbook|last1=Accot|first1=Johnny|last2=Zhai|first2=Shumin|date=1999-01-01|title=Performance EvaluationProceedings of Inputthe DevicesSIGCHI conference on Human factors in Trajectory-basedcomputing Tasks:systems Anthe ApplicationCHI ofis the Steeringlimit Law|journal=Proceedings- ofCHI the'99 SIGCHI|chapter=Performance Conferenceevaluation onof Humaninput Factorsdevices in Computingtrajectory-based Systemstasks |date=1999-01-01|series=CHI '99|___location=New York, NY, USA|publisher=ACM|pages=466–472|doi=10.1145/302979.303133|isbn=0201485591|s2cid=207247723}}</ref>

==== [[Control theory|Manual Control Theory]] ====