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The human genome contains about 15,000 pseudogenes derived from protein-coding genes and an unknown number derived from noncoding genes.<ref>{{ cite web | url = https://useast.ensembl.org/Homo_sapiens/Info/Annotation | title = Ensemble Human reference genome GRCh38.p13}}</ref> They may cover a substantial fraction of the genome (~5%) since many of them contain former intron sequences.
Pseudogenes are junk DNA by definition and they evolve at the neutral rate as expected for junk DNA.<ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Xu J, Zhang J | date = 2015 | title = Are human translated pseudogenes functional? | journal = Molecular Biology and Evolution | volume = 33 | issue = 3 | pages = 755–760 | doi = 10.1093/molbev/msv268 | pmid = 26589994 | pmc = 5009996 }}</ref> Some former pseudogenes have secondarily acquired a function and this leads some scientists to speculate that most pseudogenes are not junk because they have a yet-to-be-discovered function.<ref>{{ cite journal | vauthors = Wen YZ, Zheng LL, Qu LH, Ayala FJ, Lun ZR | date = 2012 | title = Pseudogenes are not pseudo any more. | journal = RNA Biology | volume = 9 | issue = 1 | pages = 27–32 | doi = 10.4161/rna.9.1.18277 | pmid = 22258143 | s2cid = 13161678 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
===Repeat sequences, transposons and viral elements===
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