Object-oriented programming: Difference between revisions

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[[Alan Kay]] later cited a detailed understanding of LISP internals as a strong influence on his thinking in 1966, and that he used the term "object-oriented programming" in conversation as early as 1967.<ref name=alanKayOnOO/> Although sometimes called "the father of object-oriented programming",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Butcher |first1=Paul |title=Seven Concurrency Models in Seven Weeks: When Threads Unravel |date=30 June 2014 |publisher=Pragmatic Bookshelf |isbn=978-1-68050-466-8 |page=204 |url=https://wwwbooks.google.com/books/edition/Seven_Concurrency_Models_in_Seven_Weeks/Xg9QDwAAQBAJ?hlid=en&gbpv=1Xg9QDwAAQBAJ&pg=PT204 |language=en}}</ref> Alan Kay has differentiated his notion of OO from the more conventional [[abstract data type]] notion of object, and has implied that the computer science establishment did not adopt his notion.<ref name=alanKayOnOO>{{Cite web|url= http://www.purl.org/stefan_ram/pub/doc_kay_oop_en |title=Dr. Alan Kay on the Meaning of "Object-Oriented Programming" |year= 2003|access-date=11 February 2010}}</ref> A 1976 MIT memo co-authored by [[Barbara Liskov]] lists [[Simula 67]], [[CLU (programming language)|CLU]], and [[Alphard (programming language)|Alphard]] as object-oriented languages, but does not mention Smalltalk.<ref>{{cite tech report |last=Jones |first=Anita K. |last2=Liskov|first2=Barbara H. |date=April 1976 |title=An Access Control Facility for Programming Languages |institution=MIT |number=CSG Memo 137|url=http://csg.csail.mit.edu/CSGArchives/memos/Memo-137.pdf }}</ref>

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[[File:Tiobeindex.png|thumb|350px|The [[TIOBE index|TIOBE]] [[Measuring programming language popularity|programming language popularity index]] graph from 2002 to 2018. In the 2000s the object-oriented [[Java (programming language)|Java]] (green) and the [[Procedural programming|procedural]] [[C (programming language)|C]] (black) competed for the top position.]]

In the early and mid-1990s object-oriented programming developed as the dominant programming [[paradigm]] when programming languages supporting the techniques became widely available. These included Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0,<ref>1995 (June) Visual [[FoxPro]] 3.0, FoxPro evolves from a procedural language to an object-oriented language. Visual FoxPro 3.0 introduces a database container, seamless client/server capabilities, support for ActiveX technologies, and OLE Automation and null support. [http://www.foxprohistory.org/foxprotimeline.htm#summary_of_fox_releases Summary of Fox releases]</ref><ref>FoxPro History web site: [http://www.foxprohistory.org/tableofcontents.htm Foxprohistory.org]</ref><ref>1995 Reviewers Guide to Visual FoxPro 3.0: [http://www.dfpug.de/loseblattsammlung/migration/whitepapers/vfp_rg.htm DFpug.de]</ref> [[C++]],<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MHmqfSBTXsAC&pg=PA16|title=Object Oriented Programming with C++, 1E|isbn=978-81-259-2532-3|last1=Khurana|first1=Rohit|date=1 November 2009|publisher=Vikas Publishing House Pvt Limited }}</ref> and [[Delphi (programming language)|Delphi]]{{Citation needed|date=February 2010}}. Its dominance was further enhanced by the rising popularity of [[graphical user interface]]s, which rely heavily upon object-oriented programming techniques. An example of a closely related dynamic GUI library and OOP language can be found in the [[Cocoa (software)|Cocoa]] frameworks on [[Mac OS X]], written in [[Objective-C]], an object-oriented, dynamic messaging extension to C based on Smalltalk. OOP toolkits also enhanced the popularity of [[event-driven programming]] (although this concept is not limited to OOP).

At [[ETH Zürich]], [[Niklaus Wirth]] and his colleagues had also been investigating such topics as [[data abstraction]] and [[modularity (programming)|modular programming]] (although this had been in common use since the 1960s or earlier, Wirth has added type checking across module boundaries). [[Modula-2]] (1978) included both, and their succeeding design, [[Oberon (programming language)|Oberon]], included a distinctive approach to object orientation, classes, and such. Inheritance is not obvious in Wirth's design since his nomenclature looks the opposite direction: It is called type extension and the viewpoint is from the parent down to the inheritor.