Procedural memory: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:54, 7 July 2023

Revision as of 18:10, 18 August 2023

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{{short description|Unconscious memory used to perform tasks}}

{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2022}}

'''Procedural memory''' is a type of [[implicit memory]] ([[Unconscious mind|unconscious]], [[long-term memory|long-term]] memory) which aids the performance of particular types of tasks without [[Consciousness|conscious]] awareness of these previous [[experience]]s.

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== Working memory ==

Models of working memory primarily focused on declarative memeory until Oberauer suggested that declarative and procedural memory may be processed differently in working memory.<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=http://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S007974210951002X|last=Oberauer|first=Klaus|pages=45–100|doi=10.1016/s0079-7421(09)51002-x|title=The Psychology of Learning and Motivation|volume=51|year=2009|isbn=9780123744890|chapter=Chapter 2 Design for a Working Memory|s2cid=53933457 |url=https://www.zora.uzh.ch/id/eprint/28472/1/Oberauer_PLM_2009.pdf}}</ref> The working memory model is thought to be divided into two subcomponents; one is responsible for declarative, while the other represents procedural memory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Oberauer|first1=Klaus|last2=Souza|first2=Alessandra S.|last3=Druey|first3=Michel D.|last4=Gade|first4=Miriam|title=Analogous mechanisms of selection and updating in declarative and procedural working memory: Experiments and a computational model|journal=Cognitive Psychology|volume=66|issue=2|pages=157–211|doi=10.1016/j.cogpsych.2012.11.001|pmid=23276689|year=2013|s2cid=20150745|url=https://www.semanticscholar.org/paper/8e793c2e35ed77d166cd4b3f0556304e26d09f62}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Souza|first1=Alessandra da Silva|last2=Oberauer|first2=Klaus|last3=Gade|first3=Miriam|last4=Druey|first4=Michel D.|date=1 May 2012|title=Processing of representations in declarative and procedural working memory|journal=The Quarterly Journal of Experimental Psychology|volume=65|issue=5|pages=1006–1033|doi=10.1080/17470218.2011.640403|issn=1747-0218|pmid=22332900|s2cid=27824663}}</ref> These two subsections are considered to be largely independent of each other.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gade|first1=Miriam|last2=Druey|first2=Michel D.|last3=Souza|first3=Alessandra S.|last4=Oberauer|first4=Klaus|title=Interference within and between declarative and procedural representations in working memory|journal=Journal of Memory and Language|volume=76|pages=174–194|doi=10.1016/j.jml.2014.07.002|year=2014}}</ref> It has also been determined that the process for selection may be very similar in nature when considering either modality of working memory.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Gade|first1=Miriam|last2=Souza|first2=Alessandra S.|last3=Druey|first3=Michel D.|last4=Oberauer|first4=Klaus|date=1 January 2017|title=Analogous selection processes in declarative and procedural working memory: N-2 list-repetition and task-repetition costs|journal=Memory & Cognition|language=en|volume=45|issue=1|pages=26–39|doi=10.3758/s13421-016-0645-4|pmid=27517876|issn=0090-502X|doi-access=free}}</ref>

==Acquisition of skill==

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===Weather prediction task===

Specifically, this task uses experimental analysis of weather prediction. As a probability learning task, the participant is required to indicate what strategy they are using to solve the task. It is a cognitively-oriented task that is learned in a procedural manner.<ref name="Acquisition of Mirror Tracing"/> It's is designed using multidimensional stimuli, so participants are given a set of cards with shapes and then asked to predict the outcome. After the prediction is made participants receive feedback and make a classification based on that feedback.<ref name="Multiple memory systems competition">{{cite journal | last1 = Packard | first1 = M.G. | last2 = Poldrack | first2 = R.A. | year = 2003 | title = Competition among multiple memory systems: converging evidence from animal and human brain studies | journal = Neuropsychologia | volume = 41 | issue = 3| pages = 245–251 | doi=10.1016/s0028-3932(02)00157-4| pmid = 12457750 | s2cid = 1054952 }}</ref> For example, the participant can be shown one pattern and then asked to predict whether the pattern indicates good or bad weather. The actual weather outcome will be determined by a probabilistic rule based on each individual card. Amnesic participants learn this task in training but are impaired in later training control.<ref name="Multiple memory systems competition"/>

=== Choice reaction task ===

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{{further|topic=Huntington's disease|Huntington's disease}}

[[File:Huntington.jpg|thumb|left|Coronal FSPGR through the brain of Huntington's patient]]

Despite [[Huntington's disease]] being a disorder that directly affects striatal areas of the brain used in procedural memory, most individuals with [[Huntington'sthe disease]] don'tcondistion display the samedifferent memory problems as otherfrom people with striatum related brain diseases.<ref>{{cite journal | last1 = Sprengelmeyer | first1 = R | last2 = Canavan | first2 = AG | last3 = Lange | first3 = HW | last4 = Hömberg | first4 = V | date = Jan 1995 | title = Associative learning in degenerative neostriatal disorders: contrasts in explicit and implicit remembering between Parkinson's and Huntington's diseases | journal = Mov Disord | volume = 10 | issue = 1| pages = 51–65 | doi=10.1002/mds.870100110| pmid = 7885356 | s2cid = 38578307 }}</ref> In more advanced stages of the disease, however, procedural memory is affected by damage to the important brain pathways that help the inner subcortical and prefrontal cortex parts of the brain to communicate.<ref>Saint-Cyr JA, Taylor AE, Lang AE. (1988) "Procedural learning and neostriatal dysfunction in man" ''Brain'' 1988 Aug;111 ( Pt 4):941-59.</ref>

===Obsessive compulsive disorder===