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{{Short description|none}}
{{Use American English|date=February 2023}}
{{Copy edit|date=December 2022}}[[File:Effectivenessofcontraceptives.png|thumb|450px|Effectiveness of contraceptive methods with respect to birth control. Only condoms are useful to prevent [[sexually transmitted infections]].]]
There are many methods of [[birth control]] (or [[Birth control|contraception]]) that vary in requirements, [[Side effect|side effects]], and [[effectiveness]]. As the technology, education, and awareness about contraception has evolved, new contraception methods have been theorized and put in application. Although no method of birth control is ideal for every user, some methods remain more effective, affordable or intrusive than others. Outlined here are the different types of [[Safe sex|barrier methods]], [[Hormonal contraception|hormonal methods]], various methods including [[spermicide]]s, [[Emergency contraception|emergency contraceptives]], and surgical methods<ref name=":04">{{Cite web|date=2020-08-13|title=Contraception {{!}} Reproductive Health {{!}} CDC|url=https://www.cdc.gov/reproductivehealth/contraception/index.htm|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.cdc.gov|language=en-us}}</ref> and a comparison between them.
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===Hormonal methods===
The [[Intrauterine device|IUD (intrauterine device)]] is a T-shaped device that is inserted into the [[uterus]] by a trained medical professional. There are two different types of IUDs, a copper or a [[Hormonal intrauterine device|hormonal]] IUD.<ref name=":04"/> The [[Copper IUDs|copper IUD]] (also known as a copper T intrauterine device) is a non-hormonal option of birth control. It is wrapped in copper which creates a toxic environment for [[sperm]] and eggs, thus preventing pregnancy.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Copper IUD (ParaGard) - Mayo Clinic|url=https://www.mayoclinic.org/tests-procedures/paragard/about/pac-20391270|access-date=2021-11-18|website=www.mayoclinic.org}}</ref> The failure rate of a copper IUD is approximately 0.8% and can prevent pregnancy for up to 10 years. The [[Hormonal IUDs|hormonal IUD]] (also known as levonorgestrel intrauterine system or LNg IUD) releases a small amount of the hormone called [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]] that can prevent pregnancy for 3–6 years with a failure rate of 0.1-0.4%.<ref name=":04"/> IUDs can be removed by a trained medical professional at any time before the expiration date to allow for pregnancy.
[[Oral contraceptive pill|Oral contraceptives]] are another option, these are commonly known as '[[Combined oral contraceptive pill|the pill]]'. These are prescribed by a doctor and must be taken at the same time every day in order to be the most effective. There are two different options, there is a [[Combined oral contraceptive pill|combined pill]] option that contains both of the hormones [[estrogen]] and [[Progestogen (medication)|progestin]]. The other option is a progestin-only pill. The failure rate of both of these oral contraceptives is 7%.<ref name=":04"/>
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After IUD insertion, users may experience irregular periods in the first 3–6 months with Mirena, and sometimes heavier periods and worse menstrual cramps with ParaGard. However, continuation rates are much higher with IUDs compared to non-long-acting methods.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Committee on Practice Bulletins-Gynecology, Long-Acting Reversible Contraception Work Group|date=November 2017|title=Practice Bulletin No. 186: Long-Acting Reversible Contraception: Implants and Intrauterine Devices|url=https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29064972|journal=Obstetrics and Gynecology|volume=130|issue=5|pages=e251–e269|doi=10.1097/AOG.0000000000002400|issn=1873-233X|pmid=29064972|s2cid=35477591 }}</ref> A positive characteristic of IUDs is that fertility and the ability to become pregnant returns quickly once the IUD is removed.<ref name="plannedparenthood.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.plannedparenthood.org/health-topics/birth-control/iud-4245.htm|title=Planned Parenthood IUD Birth Control - Mirena IUD - ParaGard IUD|access-date=2012-02-26}}</ref>
Because of their systemic nature, hormonal methods have the largest number of possible side effects.<
Combined hormonal contraceptives contain estrogen and progestin hormones.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal |last1=Teal |first1=Stephanie |last2=Edelman |first2=Alison |date=2021-12-28 |title=Contraception Selection, Effectiveness, and Adverse Effects: A Review |url=https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jama/fullarticle/2787541 |journal=JAMA |language=en |volume=326 |issue=24 |pages=2507–2518 |doi=10.1001/jama.2021.21392|pmid=34962522 |s2cid=245557522 |issn=0098-7484|doi-access=free }}</ref> They can come in formulations such as pills, vaginal rings, and transdermal patches.<ref name=":0" /> Most people who use combined hormonal contraception experience breakthrough bleeding within the first 3 months.<ref name=":0" /> Other common side effects include headaches, breast tenderness, and changes in mood.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal |last=Barr |first=Nancy Grossman |date=December 15, 2020 |title=Managing Adverse Effects of Hormonal Contraceptives |url=https://www.aafp.org/afp/2010/1215/afp20101215p1499.pdf |journal=American Family Physician |volume=82 |issue=12 |pages=1499–1506 |pmid=21166370 |via=American Academy of Family Physicians}}</ref> Side effects from hormonal contraceptives typically disappear over time (3-5 months) with consistent use.<ref name=":1" /> Less common effects of combined hormonal contraceptives include increasing the risk of deep vein thrombosis to 2 to 10 per 10 000 women per year and venous thrombotic events (see [[venous thrombosis]]) to 7 to 10 per 10,000 women per year.<ref name=":0" />
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