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== Experimentation ==
The [[United States Department of Defense|DoD]] has held at least two critical JADC2 exercises. The first one,
In July 2020, the Department of Defense carried out a second test of the JADC2 system. In the course of this exercise, planes from the Air Force communicated with naval vessels that were stationed in the [[Black Sea]]. Additionally, special operations personnel from eight other [[NATO]] nations and a simulated environment collaborated to deter a possible attack from [[Russia]].<ref name=":0" />
In November 2022, ABMS experiments showed how JADC2 is really [[United States Army Combined Arms Center|§ combined arms]]. —Brig. Gen. Jeffery Valenzia (USAF [[United States Army Futures Command#Cross-Functional Teams (CFTs)|CFT]] lead for JADC2) <ref name= jadc2Cd >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/11/17/how-the-pentagon-knows-when-jadc2-innovations-are-working/ (17 Nov 2022) How the Pentagon knows when JADC2 innovations are working] by introducing benchmarks: "The benchmarks include data on how technologies speed or slow decision making, how many errors are introduced, the variance among available options and potential weak spots or pitfalls" —Jeffery Valenzia.</ref><ref name= networkCentricZeroTrust >Michael Marrow [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/07/network-centric-security-killing-us-on-jadc2-initiatives-usaf-general/ (11 Jul 2023) 'Network-centric' security 'killing us' on JADC2 initiatives: USAF general] Cropsey on C3BM </ref>
== Infrastructure ==
{{anchor|JWCC}}
In 2017, a joint network (Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure —[[Joint Enterprise Defense Infrastructure|JEDI]]) was proposed for DoD, with a single award meant for a single vendor for $10 billion.
{{anchor|JWICS}}
[[DISA]] (Defense Information Systems Agency) was embarking on upgrading its JWICS ([[Joint Worldwide Intelligence Communications System]]), which is top-secret; DISA was using the same vendors as for JWCC, but also including IBM. Combining the JWICS with JWCC, economies of scale allowed a cooperative project of DISA's JWICS with DoD's JWCC.<ref name= jwccJwics >Courtney Albon [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/12/27/pentagon-intelligence-community-eye-cloud-collaboration/ (27 Dec 2022) Pentagon, intelligence community eye cloud collaboration]</ref> A Top Secret capability is being sought.<ref name= topSecretJwcc >Jaspreet Gil [https://breakingdefense.com/2023/03/jwcc-secret-level-offerings-coming-in-a-few-weeks-official/ (14 Mar 2023) JWCC secret-level offerings coming in a few weeks: Official] JWICS follow-on: "departments are layering on DevSecOps and tactical edge capabilities"</ref><ref name= bridgingClassif >Colin Demarest [https://www.c4isrnet.com/industry/2022/12/08/pentagon-wants-competition-within-9b-joint-warfighting-cloud-contract/ (8 Dec 2022) Pentagon wants competition within $9B Joint Warfighting Cloud contract] to bridge Classification levels</ref>
== JADC2 Services ==
Decision superiority is an objective of [[Joint Artificial Intelligence Center#Successor|CDAO]].<ref name= cdaoSyncJadc2 >Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/battlefield-tech/it-networks/2022/10/26/pentagon-setting-up-office-to-speed-jadc2-integration-across-military/ (26 Oct 2022) Pentagon setting up office to speed JADC2 integration across military]</ref><ref name= jadc2Intro >[[David Deptula]] [https://warontherocks.com/2022/12/making-joint-all-demand-command-and-control-a-reality/ (9 Dec 2022) MAKING JOINT ALL DEMAND COMMAND AND CONTROL A REALITY]</ref>
By FY2023, other Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) services will be available in JADC2.<ref name= ebmsIn2023 >Jaspreet Gill [https://breakingdefense.com/2022/11/pentagon-to-award-9b-jwcc-cloud-contract-mid-december/ (7 Nov 2022) Pentagon to award $9B JWCC cloud contract mid-December] DISA: by FY2023 Electromagnetic Battle Management System (EBMS) — °situational awareness ; °decision support ; °command and control ; and °training support</ref>
Raytheon BBN demonstrated its Robust Information Provisioning Layer (RIPL)<ref name= ripl >Zamone Perez and Colin Demarest [https://www.defensenews.com/c2-comms/2022/11/18/raytheon-tests-information-sharing-technology-with-jadc2-in-mind/ (18 Nov 2022) Raytheon tests information-sharing technology with JADC2 in mind]</ref> which connects legacy links to ABMS.
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;Multi-Domain Operations (MDO); Joint warfighting concept (JADC2) {{anchor|mdoJadc2}}
*[[Reorganization plan of United States Army#Multi-___domain operations (MDO)|Multi-Domain Operations]] (MDO):{{efn|name= unclMdoConcept |1= The Army's
*"A computer-coordinated fight": in the air, land, sea, space, cyber, and the electromagnetic spectrum (EMS)
**"forces from satellites to foot soldiers to submarines sharing battle data at machine-to-machine speed"
*"it's the ability to integrate and effectively command and control all domains in a conflict or in a crisis seamlessly"—Gen. Hyten, Vice Chairman of the Joint Chiefs
** All-Domain Operations (ADO) use global capabilities: "space, cyber, deterrent [the nuclear triad (for mutually assured destruction in the Cold War, an evolving concept in itself)], transportation, electromagnetic spectrum operations, missile defense"
</ref><ref group= Note name= leoLRPFKillChain />}}<!--Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/11/secarmys-multi-___domain-kill-chain-space-to-cloud-to-ai/ (November 22, 2019) SecArmy's Multi-Domain Kill Chain: Space-Cloud-AI ] Army Multi-Domain Operations Concept, December 2018 slide from [https://adminpubs.tradoc.army.mil/pamphlets/TP525-3-1.pdf TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1 (Dec 2018)].
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|Multi-___domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]
*In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoConceptBy2020|specific scenario]], which can be illustrated by the
# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected.
# Strategic Support area— National assets (blue) detect breaching of standoff by adversary (in red).
#{{anchor|callForFire}} Close area support— blue assets hand-off to the combatant commands, who are to create effects visible to the adversary (in red).
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*##Backbone layer for data transport downward to the long-range precision fires
*##Custody layer for missiles' trajectories, whether friendly or threat
*##Tracking layer for hypersonic glide vehicles, which represent threats to the multi-layer satellite system
*##Space situational awareness for cis-lunar trajectories,
*#NavWar</ref>{{rp|minute 17:45}}<ref name= usRussChina >Lt. Gen. Eric J. Wesley, U.S. Army, Chief Warrant Officer 5 Jon Bates, U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/May-June-2020/Wesley-Winning-Tomorrow/ (May-Jun 2020) To Change an Army—Winning Tomorrow] The MDO concept —TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1</ref> }}--><ref name="mdo,apg">{{Cite web |date=2018-06-13 |title=The U.S. Army Modernization Strategy |url=https://apgnews.com/community-news/news-briefs/the-u-s-army-modernization-strategy/ |access-date=2021-12-15 |website=APG News |language=en-US}}</ref><ref name="sxsw2019,8mar">Anthony Small {{citation |publisher=US Army |url=https://www.army.mil/article/218531/futures_command_highlights_changes_new_structure_at_sxsw |date=13 March 2019| title=Futures Command Deputy Commanding General talks the U.S. Army's Future at South by Southwest}}</ref><ref name=mdo400people>Todd South [https://www.armytimes.com/news/your-army/2019/09/12/massive-simulation-shows-the-need-for-speed-in-multi-___domain-ops/ (13 September 2019) Massive simulation shows the need for speed in multi-___domain ops] "400 participants working with 55 formations, 64 concepts and 150 capabilities"</ref><ref name="MDOps2018Concept">Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. {{Cite web|date=2018-12-07|title=Army Multi-Domain Update: New HQs, Grey Zones, & The Art of The Unfeasible|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2018/12/army-multi-___domain-update-new-hqs-grey-zones-the-art-of-the-unfeasible/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> Joint planning and operations are also part of the impending DoD emphasis on multi-___domain operations.<ref name=mdb >Gen. [[David G. Perkins]], U.S. Army [https://www.armyupress.army.mil/Journals/Military-Review/English-Edition-Archives/November-December-2017/Multi-Domain-Battle-The-Advent-of-Twenty-First-Century-War/ (Nov-Dec 2017) Multi-Domain Battle: The Advent of Twenty-First Century War]</ref><ref name=7mar2019Aps >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/03/us-gets-its-ass-handed-to-it-in-wargames-heres-a-24-billion-fix/ (7 March 2019) US ‘Gets Its Ass Handed To It’ In Wargames: Here's A $24 Billion Fix] Army prepositioned stocks (APS) vulnerability</ref><ref name="40yearPerspective">{{Cite web|title=Readiness for the 21st Century: An interview with retired Gen. David McKiernan|url=https://www.army.mil/article/210106/readiness_for_the_21st_century_an_interview_with_retired_gen_david_mckiernan|access-date=2021-12-14|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref><ref name=howFCSfailed >Matthew Cox [https://www.military.com/daily-news/2018/04/28/could-armys-quest-leap-ahead-technologies-be-its-undoing.html (28 April 2018) How Future Combat Systems Failed]</ref><ref name=afcJadc2 >Army Futures Command [https://www.army.mil/standto/archive_2020-02-28/ (28 February 2020) Joint All Domain Command and Control] AFC is the functional lead representing the Army in JADC2's development</ref> Multi-___domain battalions,{{efn|name= i2cews|1= When used in multi-___domain operations, I2CEWS denotes ''Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare, and Space''. ''See: [[Intelligence, surveillance, target acquisition, and reconnaissance#ISR (Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance)|ISR]], or Intelligence, surveillance and reconnaissance'', and ''[[National Geospatial-Intelligence Agency]]''}} first stood up in 2019,<ref name=MDO,Icorps>Army News Service. I Corps has I2CEWS Battalion or Intelligence, Information, Cyber, Electronic Warfare and Space Battalion —Joe Lacdan,[http:{{dead link|date=October 2022}}//fortblissbugle.com/2019/06june/062019/pdf/062019part1b.pdf (6/19/2019) Army leaders say service must shore up its space defense]
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*David Brennan [https://www.newsweek.com/pentagon-orders-hypersonic-missile-trackers-russia-china-arms-race-1564754 (27 Jan 2021) Pentagon Orders Hypersonic Missile Trackers Amid Russia, China Arms Race] HBTSS awards to L3Harris; Northrop Grumman</ref><ref name=4VendorHypersonicCMs >Paul McLeary [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/12/mda-kickstarts-new-way-to-kill-hypersonic-missiles/ (18 December 2019) MDA Kickstarts New Way To Kill Hypersonic Missiles] MDA's Hypersonic Defense Weapon System - 4 Interceptors</ref>—and cyber<ref name=cs23 >Kathryn Bailey, PEO C3T Public Affairs [https://www.army.mil/article/230394/the_army_gathers_industry_to_inspire_network_modernization (26 November 2019) The Army gathers industry to inspire network modernization] Network Cross-Functional Team (N-CFT) and PEO C3T hosted 670 industry partners at the Technical Exchange Meeting (TEM) 4, Capability Set (CS) 23. www.army.mil</ref><ref name="globalCounter" >Mezher, Chyrine {{Cite web|date=2019-05-15|title=How To Wage Global Cyber War: Nakasone, Norton, & Deasy|url=https://breakingdefense.sites.breakingmedia.com/2019/05/how-to-wage-global-cyber-war-nakasone-norton-deasy/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=Breaking Defense|language=en-US}}</ref> domains.<ref name=mdoI2cews >Theresa Hitchens and Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2019/08/army-seeks-small-satellites-to-support-ground-troops/ (7 August 2019) Army Seeks Small Satellites To Support Ground Troops] 3 programs: Gunsmoke, Lonestar and Polaris.
*Theresa Hitchens [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/10/smdc-pushes-for-new-pnt-tracking-sat-payloads/ (12 October 2020) SMDC Pushes For New PNT, Tracking Sat Payloads] In addition to the 3 LEO satellite programs mentioned above, SMDC's technical center is working on project TITAN (Tactical Intelligence Targeting Access Node), a "common, mobile ground station" for the Army's tactical needs.</ref><ref name="jointCollaboration2019">{{Cite web|title=Army aligning modernization programs with other services|url=https://www.army.mil/article/217305/army_aligning_modernization_programs_with_other_services|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref><ref name=globalCounter/> A hypersonic-based battery similar to a THAAD battery is under consideration for this type of battalion,<ref name=afatds >Sean Kimmons, Army News Service {{Cite web|title=Joint hypersonic weapon tests to start next year|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222617/joint_hypersonic_weapon_tests_to_start_next_year|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref><ref name=chgbTest20Mar20 >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/03/hypersonics-army-navy-test-common-glide-body/ (20 Mar 2020) Hypersonics: Army, Navy Test Common Glide Body ] "The U.S. Navy and U.S. Army jointly executed the launch of a common hypersonic glide body (C-HGB), which flew at hypersonic speed to a designated impact point"
*[https://www.army.mil/article/233873/department_of_defense_tests_hypersonic_glide_body DoD (20 March 2020) Department of Defense tests hypersonic glide body] "The C-HGB – when fully fielded – will comprise the weapon's conventional warhead, guidance system, cabling, and thermal protection shield." Also: comments from LTG L. Neill Thurgood RCCTO</ref> possibly denoted a ''strategic fires'' battalion<ref name= slrc2023>Jen Judson [https://www.defensenews.com/digital-show-dailies/ausa/2019/10/16/strategic-long-range-cannon-preps-to-jump-its-first-tech-hurdle/ (14 Oct 2019) Strategic, long-range cannon preps to jump its first tech hurdle] 2019 AUSA— targets 2023 prototype</ref><ref name="strategicFiresBN">{{Cite web|last=Judson|first=Jen|date=2019-06-05|title=Coming soon to the US Army: Combat-capable hypersonic and laser weapons|url=https://www.c4isrnet.com/land/2019/06/05/coming-soon-to-the-us-army-combat-capable-hypersonic-and-laser-weapons/|access-date=2021-12-15|website=C4ISRNet|language=en}}</ref><ref name="MMhelLRhw7Jun19">{{Cite web|title=Army accelerates delivery of directed energy, hypersonic weapon prototypes|url=https://www.army.mil/article/222891/army_accelerates_delivery_of_directed_energy_hypersonic_weapon_prototypes|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref> (however I2CEWS support would likely be needed),{{efn|name= i2cews}} depending on the theater. In 2019, these capabilities were analyzed as part of a series of globally integrated exercises
*Nancy Jones-Bonbrest, U.S. Army RCCTO [https://www.army.mil/article/226368/army_awards_hypersonic_weapon_system_contracts (30 August 2019) Army awards hypersonic weapon system contracts]</ref>
**The ability to punch
{{anchor|jadoDevFromMdo}}[[File:Multi Domain Operations,space.png|thumb|Multi-___domain operations (MDO) span multiple domains: [[Outer space#Cislunar space|cislunar space]], land, air, maritime, cyber, and populations.]]
*In September 2020, an ABMS Onramp demonstrated a [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#jadoConceptBy2020|specific scenario]], which can be illustrated by the
# Competition— No overt hostilities are yet detected. Blue bar (force projection) is in standoff against red bar (threat).
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# Deep maneuver— blue combatant actions dis-integrate adversary efforts (per TRADOC pamphlet 525-3-1: "militarily compete, penetrate, dis-integrate, and exploit" the adversary); —Operational and Strategic deep fires create effects on the adversary. Adversary is further subject to [[defeat in detail]], until adversaries perceive they are overmatched (no more red assets to expend).
# Adversary retreats to standoff. The populations perceive that the adversary is defeated, for now. (Compare to [[Reorganization plan of United States Army#mdbPerkinsMdo|Perkins' cycle]], 'return to competition', in which deterrence has succeeded in avoiding a total war, in favor of pushing an adversary back to standoff (the red threat bar). Blue force projection still has overmatched red threat.)</ref> Critical decisions to meet this goal will be decided by data from the results of the Army's ongoing tests of the prototypes under development.<ref name=RCVsBy2023/><ref name="glideBody">{{Cite web|title=The Army joins the Air Force, Navy in attempt to develop hypersonic weaponry|url=https://www.army.mil/article/212487/the_army_joins_the_air_force_navy_in_attempt_to_develop_hypersonic_weaponry|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref>
**For example, in Long Range Precision Fires (LRPF), the director of the LRPF CFT envisions one application as an [[Area denial weapon|anti-access/area denial]] (A2AD) probe; this spares resources from the other services;<ref name=deptula >Sydney J. Freedberg Jr. [https://breakingdefense.com/2020/07/army-says-long-range-missiles-will-help-air-force-not-compete/ (16 July 2020) Army Says Long Range Missiles Will Help Air Force, Not Compete ]</ref> by firing a munition with a thousand-mile range at an adversary, LRPF would force an adversary to respond, which exposes the locations of its countermeasures, and might even expose the ___location of an adversary force's headquarters. In that situation, an adversary's headquarters would not survive for long, and the adversary's forces would be subject to [[defeat in detail]]. But LRPF is only one part of the strategy of overmatch by a Combatant commander.
**In August–September 2020. at [[Yuma Proving Ground]], the US Army engaged in a five-week exercise to rapidly merge
***{{anchor|JointAllDomainC2}} MDO (''multi-___domain operations'') and JADC2 (''joint all-___domain command and control'') thus entails:<ref group= Note name= leoLRPFKillChain />
***# Penetrate phase: satellites detect enemy shooters
***# Dis-integrate phase: airborne assets remove enemy long
***# Kinetic effect phase: Army shooters, using targeting data from aircraft and other sensors, fire on enemy targets.<ref name=ntwrkWarfareExprmt >Patrick Tucker [https://www.defenseone.com/technology/2020/09/inside-armys-fearless-messy-networked-warfare-experiment/168770/ (24 Sep 2020) Inside the Army's Fearless, Messy, Networked Warfare Experiment] Murray: Army software factory will start contributing.</ref>
***{{anchor|cjadc2Oct2020}} Army Chief of Staff Gen. James C. McConville will discuss the combination of MDO{{efn |name= mdoExplainer}} and JADC2 with Air Force Chief of Staff Gen. Charles Q. Brown.<ref name="convergenceChiefs">{{Cite web|title=Army to build on results from first Project Convergence exercise|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239363/army_to_build_on_results_from_first_project_convergence_exercise|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref> In October 2020 the Chiefs agreed that Futures Command, and the Air Force's A5 office will lead a two-year collaboration 'at the most "basic levels" by defining mutual standards for data sharing and service interfacing' in the development of Combined Joint All-Domain Command and Control (CJADC2).<ref name="afcA5Cjadc2">{{Cite web|title=Army, Air Force form partnership, lay foundation for CJADC2 interoperability|url=https://www.army.mil/article/239598/army_air_force_form_partnership_lay_foundation_for_cjadc2_interoperability|access-date=2021-12-15|website=www.army.mil|language=en}}</ref>
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