Cardiac neural crest: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 01:19, 10 September 2023

Revision as of 01:46, 10 September 2023

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Appropriate outflow tract formation relies on a [[morphogen]] concentration gradient set up by [[fibroblast growth factor]] (FGF) secreting cells. Cardiac crest cells furthest away from FGF secreting cells will receive lower concentrations of FGF8 signalling than cells closer to FGF secreting cells. This allows for appropriate formation of the outflow tract.<ref name= "pmid12223417" >{{cite journal |vauthors= Abu-Issa R, Smyth G, Smoak I, Yamamura K, Meyers EN | title = Fgf8 is required for pharyngeal arch and cardiovascular development in the mouse | journal = Development| volume = 129| issue = 19 | pages = 4613–4625| date = 2002| doi = 10.1242/dev.129.19.4613 | pmid = 12223417}}</ref> Cells located in rhombomeres 3and 5 undergo programmed cell death under signalling cues from [[semaphorins]]. The lack of cells in this region results in the formation of crest-free zones.<ref name= "pmmid18625214" >{{cite journal| vauthors= Toyofuku T, Yoshida J, Sugimoto T, Yamamoto M, Makino N, Takamatsu H, Takegahara N, Suto F, Hori M, Fujisawa H, Kumanogoh A, Kukutani H| title = Repulsive and attractive semaphorins cooperate to direct the navigation of cardiac neural crest cells | journal = The Scientific World Journal| volume = 7 | issue = 1 | pages = 1090–1113| date = 2007| pmid = 18625214| doi = 10.1016/j.ydbio.2008.06.028 | doi-access = free}}</ref>

The process of migration requires a permissive extracellular matrix.<ref name="pmid20890117"/> The [[enzyme]] [[arginyltransferase]] creates this environment by adding an arginyl group onto newly synthesised proteins during [[post-translational modification]].<ref name= "pmid20300656" >{{cite journal| vauthors= Kurosaka S, Leu NA, Zhang F, Bunte R, Saha S, Wang J, Guo C, He W, Kashina A| title = Arginylation-dependent neural crest cell migration is essential for mouse development. | journal = PLOS Genetics| volume = 6| issue =3 | pages = e1000878| date = 2010| pmid =20300656| pmc = 2837401 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pgen.1000878 | doi-access = free }}</ref> This process aids cells motility and ensures proteins the proteins contained within the actin cytoskeleton is prepped for migration.<ref name="pmid20890117"/>

===Circumpharyngeal ridge===