|
===Smart contracts===
[[Smart contract]]s, [[cryptocurrencies]], and [[decentralized autonomous organization]] are mentioned as means to replace traditional ways of governance.<ref name=indiadao>{{cite news |last1=Bindra |first1=Jaspreet |title=Transforming India through blockchain |url=https://www.livemint.com/Technology/UZIex6fPPyAqVuTHqpzZiN/Transforming-India-through-blockchain.html |access-date=31 May 2020 |work=Livemint |date=30 March 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Finn |first1=Ed |date=10 April 2017 |title=Do digital currencies spell the end of capitalism? |work=The Guardian |url=https://www.theguardian.com/science/political-science/2017/apr/10/do-digital-currencies-spell-the-end-of-capitalism |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref name=algocracyblockchain/> Cryptocurrencies are currencies, which are enabled by algorithms without a governmental [[central bank]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Reiff |first1=Nathan |title=Blockchain Explained |website=Investopedia |url=https://www.investopedia.com/terms/b/blockchain.asp |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref> [[Central bank digital currency]] often employs similar technology, but is differentiated from the fact that it does use a central bank. It is soon to be employed by major unions and governments such as the European Union and China. [[Smart contracts]] are self-executable [[contract]]s, whose objectives are the reduction of need in trusted governmental intermediators, arbitrations and enforcement costs.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Szabo |first1=Nick |author-link1=Nick Szabo |title=View of Formalizing and Securing Relationships on Public Networks |journal=First Monday |date=1997 |doi=10.5210/fm.v2i9.548 |s2cid=33773111 |url=https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 |access-date=2020-05-31 |archive-date=2022-04-10 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220410235953/https://firstmonday.org/article/view/548/469 |url-status=dead |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref name=conbook>{{cite book |last1=Fries |first1=Martin |last2=P. Paal |first2=Boris |title=Smart Contracts |year=2019 |publisher=Mohr Siebeck |jstor=j.ctvn96h9r |isbn=978-3-16-156911-1 |language=de}}</ref> A decentralized autonomous organization is an [[organization]] represented by smart contracts that is transparent, controlled by shareholders and not influenced by a central government.<ref>{{cite web |title=What is DAO - Decentralized Autonomous Organizations |url=https://blockchainhub.net/dao-decentralized-autonomous-organization/ |website=BlockchainHub |access-date=31 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Prusty |first=Narayan |date=27 Apr 2017 |title=Building Blockchain Projects |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=80EwDwAAQBAJ |___location=Birmingham, UK |publisher=Packt |page=9 |isbn=9781787125339}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Chohan |first1=Usman W. |title=The Decentralized Autonomous Organization and Governance Issues |date=4 December 2017 |publisher=Social Science Research Network |ssrn=3082055}}.</ref> Smart contracts have been discussed for use in such applications as use in (temporary) [[employment contract]]s<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://papers.ssrn.com/sol3/papers.cfm?abstract_idabstract=3270867 |title=The Gig Economy, Smart Contracts, and Disruption of traditionalTraditional workWork arrangements]Arrangements|first1=Seth|last1=Oranburg|first2=Liya|last2=Palagashvili|date=October 22, 2018|via=Social Science Research Network|doi=10.2139/ssrn.3270867}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/328657407_A_Blockchain-Based_Decentralized_System_for_Proper_Handling_of_Temporary_Employment_Contracts|title=(PDF) A blockchainBlockchain-basedBased decentralizedDecentralized systemSystem for properProper handlingHandling of temporaryTemporary employmentEmployment contracts]Contracts}}</ref> and automatic transfership of funds and property (i.e. [[inheritance]], upon registration of a [[death certificate]]).<ref>[https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/IDAN/2017/581948/EPRS_IDA(2017)581948_EN.pdf How blockchain technology could change our lives]</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/@illuminatesofficial/business-inheritance-in-blockchain-b3fab4613c8c |title=Business inheritance in blockchain]|first=Illuminates|last=Official|date=September 11, 2019}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.inc.com/chris-j-snook/4-small-business-verticals-artificial-intelligence-blockchain-will-destroy-in-coming-decade.html |title=Blockchain and AI are coming to kill these 4 business verticals]}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://silentnotary.com/#project|title=Silent SilentNotaryNotary vision]- Blockchain Notary Service 100% events falsification protection|website=silentnotary.com}}</ref> Some countries such as Georgia and Sweden have already launched blockchain programs focusing on property ([[Title search|land titles]] and [[real estate]] ownership)<ref name=ukrainereuteers>{{cite news |last1=Chavez-Dreyfuss |first1=Gertrude |title=Ukraine launches big blockchain deal with tech firm Bitfury |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-ukraine-bitfury-blockchain-idUSKBN17F0N2 |access-date=15 August 2021 |work=Reuters |date=17 April 2017}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://bitfury.com/content/downloads/the_bitfury_group_republic_of_georgia_expand_blockchain_pilot_2_7_16.pdf |title=The Bitfury Group and Government of Republic of Georgia Expand Blockchain Pilot]}}</ref><ref>[https://www.mitpressjournals.org/doi/pdf/10.1162/inov_a_00276 A BLOCKCHAIN - Journals Gateway]</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/corruption/integrity-forum/academic-papers/Georg%20Eder-%20Blockchain%20-%20Ghana_verified.pdf |title=Digital Transformation: Blockchain and Land Titles]}}</ref> Ukraine is also looking at other areas too such as [[Public records|state registers]].<ref name=ukrainereuteers/>
===Algorithms in government agencies===
|}
From 2012, [[NOPD]] started a collaboration with Palantir Technologies in the field of [[predictive policing]].<ref name=verge>{{cite news |last1=Winston |first1=Ali |title=Palantir has secretly been using New Orleans to test its predictive policing technology |url=https://www.theverge.com/2018/2/27/17054740/palantir-predictive-policing-tool-new-orleans-nopd |access-date=23 April 2020 |work=The Verge |date=27 February 2018}}</ref> Besides Palantir's Gotham software, other similar ([[numerical analysis software]]) used by police agencies (such as the NCRIC) include [[SAS (software)|SAS]].<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.vice.com/en/article/neapqg/300-californian-cities-secretly-have-access-to-palantir|title=300 ViceCalifornian MotherboardCities articleSecretly onHave Access to Palantir]|first=Caroline|last=Haskins|date=July 12, 2019}}</ref>
In the fight against money laundering, [[Financial Crimes Enforcement Network|FinCEN]] employs the FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System (FAIS) since 1995.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Senator |first1=Ted E. |last2=Wong |first2=Raphael W.H. |last3=Marrone |first3=Michael P. |last4=Llamas |first4=Winston M. |last5=Klinger |first5=Christina D. |last6=Khan |first6=A.F. Umar |last7=Cottini |first7=Matthew A. |last8=Goldberg |first8=Henry G. |last9=Wooton |first9=Jerry |title=The FinCEN Artificial Intelligence System: Identifying Potential Money Laundering from Reports of Large Cash Transactions |journal=AAAI |url=https://www.aaai.org/Library/IAAI/1995/iaai95-015.php |access-date=10 September 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Goldberg |first1=H. G. |last2=Senator |first2=T. E. |chapter=The FinCEN AI System: Finding Financial Crimes in a Large Database of Cash Transactions |title=Agent Technology: Foundations, Applications, and Markets |date=1998 |pages=283–302 |doi=10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-3-662-03678-5_15 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-3-642-08344-0 |language=en}}</ref>
National health administration entities and organisations such as AHIMA (American Health Information Management Association) hold [[medical record]]s. Medical records serve as the central repository for planning patient care and documenting communication among patient and health care provider and professionals contributing to the patient's care. In the EU, work is ongoing on a [[European Health Data Space]] which supports the use of health data.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://ec.europa.eu/commission/presscorner/detailhome/en/IP_20_2049|title=Press corner|website=European Commission and Germany's presidency of the Council of the EU underline importance of the- European Health Data Space]Commission}}</ref>
US [[Department of Homeland Security]] has employed the software ATLAS, which run on [[Amazon Cloud]]. It scanned more than 16.5 million of records of naturalized Americans and flagged approximately 124,000 of them for manual analysis and review by [[USCIS]] officers regarding [[denaturalization]].<ref name=debal>{{cite news |last1=Biddle |first1=Sam BiddleMaryam SalehSam |last2=Saleh |date=August 25, 2021 |first2=Maryam |title=Little-Known Federal Software Can Trigger Revocation of Citizenship |url=https://theintercept.com/2021/08/25/atlas-citizenship-denaturalization-homeland-security/ |access-date=21 September 2021 |work=The Intercept}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Cuccinelli Announces USCIS' FY 2019 Accomplishments and Efforts to Implement President Trump's Goals |website=USCIS |url=https://www.uscis.gov/news/news-releases/cuccinelli-announces-uscis-fy-2019-accomplishments-and-efforts-to-implement-president-trumps-goals |access-date=21 September 2021 |date=16 October 2019}}</ref> There were flagged due to potential fraud, public safety and national security issues. Some of the scanned data came from [[Terrorist Screening Database]] and [[National Crime Information Center]].
The [[NarxCare]] is a US software,{{Sfn|Szalavitz|2021|p=41}} which combines data from the prescription registries of various [[U.S. state]]s{{Sfn|Szalavitz|2021|p=40}}<ref>{{Cite news|last=Romo|first=Vanessa|date=2018-05-08|title=Walmart Will Implement New Opioid Prescription Limits By End Of Summer|work=[[National Public Radio|NPR]]|url=https://www.npr.org/sections/thetwo-way/2018/05/08/609442939/walmart-will-implement-new-opioid-prescription-limits-by-end-of-summer|access-date=2021-10-06}}</ref> and uses [[machine learning]] to generate various three-digit "risk scores" for prescriptions of medications and an overall "Overdose Risk Score", collectively referred to as Narx Scores,{{Sfn|Oliva|2020|p=847}} in a process that potentially includes [[Emergency medical services|EMS]] and criminal justice data{{Sfn|Szalavitz|2021|p=41}} as well as court records.{{Sfn|Oliva|2020|p=848}}
In Costa Rica, the possible digitalization of public procurement activities (i.e. tenders for public works, ...) has been investigated. The paper discussing this possibility mentions that the use of ICT in procurement has several benefits such as increasing transparency, facilitating digital access to public tenders, reducing direct interaction between procurement officials and companies at moments of high integrity risk, increasing outreach and competition, and easier detection of irregularities.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.oecd.org/countries/costarica/costa-rica-public-procurement-system.pdf|title=Enhancing the use of competitive tendering in Costa Rica's Public Procurement System}}</ref>
Besides using e-tenders for regular [[public works]] (construction of buildings, roads, ...), e-tenders can also be used for [[reforestation]] projects and other [[carbon sink]] restoration projects.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/government/organisations/forestry-commission/about/procurement|title=Procurement E-tenderat system atForestry Commission|website=GOV.UK forestry commission]}}</ref> [[Carbon sink]] restoration projects [[Climate change mitigation#Preserving and enhancing carbon sinks|may]] be part of the [[nationally determined contributions]] plans in order to reach the national [[Paris Agreement#Effectiveness|Paris agreement goals]]
Government [[procurement]] [[Audit management|audit software]] can also be used.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://sourceforge.net/software/audit/for-government/|title=Best Government auditAudit software]Software - 2023 Reviews & Comparison|website=sourceforge.net}}</ref><ref>[https://revista.tcu.gov.br/ojs/index.php/RTCU/article/download/1379/1561 Audit app: an effective tool for government procurement assurance]</ref> Audits are performed in some countries after [[Subsidy#Preventing fraud|subsidies have been received]].
Some government agencies provide track and trace systems for services they offer. An example is [[track and trace]] for applications done by citizens (i.e. driving license procurement).<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.gov.uk/track-your-driving-licence-application |title=Track your driving licence application]|website=GOV.UK}}</ref>
Some government services use [[issue tracking system]] to keep track of ongoing issues.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/services/track-progress-reported-road-fault-or-issue |title=Track progress of a reported road fault or issue] | nidirect|date=May 18, 2018|website=www.nidirect.gov.uk}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://flsenate.gov/Tracker/help |title=Senate Tracker Help – The Florida Senate |website=flsenate.gov |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.congress.gov/legislation |title=Legislative Search Results |website=congress.gov |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://govtrack.us |title=GovTrack.us: Tracking the U.S. Congress |website=govtrack.us |access-date=2021-01-17}}</ref>
===Justice by algorithm===
Due to the COVID-19 pandemic in 2020, in-person final exams were impossible for thousands of students.<ref>{{cite news |last1=Broussard |first1=Meredith |title=Opinion {{!}} When Algorithms Give Real Students Imaginary Grades |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2020/09/08/opinion/international-baccalaureate-algorithm-grades.html |work=The New York Times |date=8 September 2020}}</ref> The public high school [[Westminster High School (Westminster, California)|Westminster High]] employed algorithms to assign grades. UK's [[Department for Education]] also employed a statistical calculus to assign final grades in [[A-levels]], due to the pandemic.<ref name="fuckthealgorithm">{{cite magazine |title=Skewed Grading Algorithms Fuel Backlash Beyond the Classroom |url=https://www.wired.com/story/skewed-grading-algorithms-fuel-backlash-beyond-classroom/ |access-date=26 September 2020 |magazine=Wired}}</ref>
Besides use in grading, software systems and AI are also optimizing coursework and are used in preparation for college entrance exams.<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2019/12/18/education/artificial-intelligence-tutors-teachers.html |title=The Machines Are Learning, and So Are the Students]|first=Craig S.|last=Smith|date=December 18, 2019|via=NYTimes.com}}</ref>
AI teaching assistants are being developed and used for education (e.g., Georgia Tech's Jill Watson)<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.educationworld.com/could-artificial-intelligence-replace-our-teachers |title=Could artificialArtificial intelligenceIntelligence replaceReplace ourOur Teachers? | Education teachers]World}}</ref><ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/a-professor-built-an-ai-teaching-assistant-for-his-courses-and-it-could-shape-the-future-of-education-2017-3 |title=A professor built an AI teaching assistant for his courses — and it could shape the future of education]|first=Todd|last=Leopold|website=Business Insider}}</ref> and there is also an ongoing debate on whether perhaps teachers can be entirely replaced by AI systems (e.g., in [[homeschooling]]).<ref>[{{Cite web|url=https://medium.com/roybi-robot/the-future-of-homeschooling-how-robots-are-changing-in-home-education-473ede32e228 |title=The Future of Homeschooling: How Robots are changingChanging inIn-Home homeEducation|first=Roybi|last=Robot|date=September education]23, 2018}}</ref>
===AI politicians===
{{See also|Early warning system}}
[[Tsunami]]s can be detected by [[Tsunami warning system]]s. They can make use of AI.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.preventionweb.net/go/67242|title=Japanese team develops AI-based system to forecast tsunami and damages|website=www.preventionweb.net}}{{Dead link|date=May 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><ref>{{citeCite web|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/221057355|title=Artificially Intelligent Tsunami Early Warning System}}</ref> [[Flooding]]s can also be detected using AI systems.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://fortune.com/2019/08/10/artificial-intelligence-wildfires-flooding-rescue/|title=How Artificial Intelligence Could Help Fight Climate Change-Driven Wildfires and Save Lives|website=Fortune}}</ref> [[Wildfire]]s can be predicted using AI systems.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Predictive modeling of wildfires: A new dataset and machine learning approach|first1=Younes Oulad|last1=Sayad|first2=Hajar |last2=Mousannif|first3=Hassan|last3=Al Moatassime|date=March 1, 2019|journal=Fire Safety Journal |volume=104|pages=130–146|doi=10.1016/j.firesaf.2019.01.006|s2cid=116032143|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{citeCite web |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/261272818|title=(PDF) Artificial intelligence for forest fire prediction}}</ref> [[Wildfire#Detection|Wildfire detection is possible by AI systems]] (i.e. through satellite data, aerial imagery, and personnel position) and can help in the evacuation of people during wildfires.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Using Artificial Intelligence for Safe and Effective Wildfire Evacuations |first1=Xilei|last1=Zhao |first2=Ruggiero|last2=Lovreglio|first3=Erica|last3=Kuligowski|first4=Daniel |last4=Nilsson|date=April 15, 2020|journal=Fire Technology|volume=57|issue=2|pages=483–485 |doi=10.1007/s10694-020-00979-x|s2cid=218801709|doi-access=free}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.cnn.com/2019/12/05/tech/ai-wildfires/index.html |title=How AI is helping spot wildfires faster|author1=Rachel Metz |others=Video by John General |website=CNN|date=5 December 2019 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.washingtonpost.com/technology/2019/11/06/california-has-million-acres-forest-this-company-is-training-artificial-intelligence-scour-it-all-wildfire/|title=California has 33 million acres of forest. This company is training artificial intelligence to scour it all for wildfire. |first=Peter|last=Holley |via=www.washingtonpost.com}}</ref> [[Earthquake warning system|Earthquake detection systems]] are now improving alongside the development of AI technology through measuring seismic data and implementing complex algorithms to improve detection and prediction rates.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mousavi |first1=S. Mostafa |last2=Sheng |first2=Yixiao |last3=Zhu |first3=Weiqiang |last4=Beroza |first4=Gregory C. |date=2019 |title=STanford EArthquake Dataset (STEAD): A Global Data Set of Seismic Signals for AI |journal=IEEE Access |volume=7 |pages=179464–179476 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2019.2947848 |s2cid=208111095 |issn=2169-3536|doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Banna |first1=Md. Hasan Al |last2=Taher |first2=Kazi Abu |last3=Kaiser |first3=M. Shamim |last4=Mahmud |first4=Mufti |last5=Rahman |first5=Md. Sazzadur |last6=Hosen |first6=A. S. M. Sanwar |last7=Cho |first7=Gi Hwan |date=2020 |title=Application of Artificial Intelligence in Predicting Earthquakes: State-of-the-Art and Future Challenges |url=https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/document/9218936 |journal=IEEE Access |volume=8 |pages=192880–192923 |doi=10.1109/ACCESS.2020.3029859 |s2cid=226292959 |issn=2169-3536}}</ref> Earthquake monitoring, phase picking, and seismic signal detection have developed through AI algorithms of [[Deep learning|deep-learning]], analysis, and computational models.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Mousavi |first1=S. Mostafa |last2=Ellsworth |first2=William L. |last3=Zhu |first3=Weiqiang |last4=Chuang |first4=Lindsay Y. |last5=Beroza |first5=Gregory C. |date=2020-08-07 |title=Earthquake transformer—an attentive deep-learning model for simultaneous earthquake detection and phase picking |journal=Nature Communications |language=en |volume=11 |issue=1 |pages=3952 |doi=10.1038/s41467-020-17591-w |pmid=32770023 |pmc=7415159 |bibcode=2020NatCo..11.3952M |issn=2041-1723}}</ref> [[Locust]] breeding areas can be approximated using machine learning, which could help to stop locust swarms in an early phase.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Gómez |first1=Diego |last2=Salvador |first2=Pablo |last3=Sanz |first3=Julia |last4=Casanova |first4=Carlos |last5=Taratiel |first5=Daniel |last6=Casanova |first6=Jose Luis |date=August 15, 2018 |title=Machine learning approach to locate desert locust breeding areas based on ESA CCI soil moisture |journal=Journal of Applied Remote Sensing |volume=12 |issue=3 |at=036011 |bibcode=2018JARS...12c6011G |doi=10.1117/1.JRS.12.036011 |doi-access=free |s2cid=52230139}}</ref>
==Reception==
*[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Sr2ga3BBMTc Can An AI Design Our Tax Policy?]
*[https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09540962.2020.1821514/ New development: Blockchain—a revolutionary tool for the public sector], An introduction on the Blockchain's usage in the public sector by Vasileios Yfantis
*[https://www.ted.com/talks/cesar_hidalgo_a_bold_idea_to_replace_politicians], "A bold idea to replace politicians"] by [[César Hidalgo]]
[[Category:Government by algorithm| ]]
| 