Push–pull output: Difference between revisions

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Adding local short description: "Type of electronic circuit", overriding Wikidata description "type of electronic circuit in which a pair of active devices alternately supply current to the load, or absorb current from it"
m clean up, typo(s) fixed: 1970's → 1970s, well-known → well known
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Push–pull circuits are widely used in many amplifier output stages. A pair of [[audion]] tubes connected in push–pull is described in [[Edwin H. Colpitts]]' US patent 1137384 granted in 1915, although the patent does not specifically claim the push–pull connection.<ref>Donald Monroe McNicol, ''Radios' Conquest of Space: The Experimental Rise in Radio Communication'' Taylor & Francis, 1946 page 348</ref> The technique was well- known at that time <ref>http://www.leagle.com/xmlResult.aspx?page=5&xmldoc=193278360F2d723_1537.xml&docbase=CSLWAR1-1950-1985&SizeDisp=7 WESTERN ELECTRIC CO. v. WALLERSTEIN retrieved 12/12/12</ref> and the principle had been claimed in an 1895 patent predating electronic amplifiers.<ref>US Patent 549,477 ''Local Transmitter Circuit for Telephones.'', W. W. Dean</ref> Possibly the first commercial product using a push–pull amplifier was the [[RCA]] ''Balanced amplifier'' released in 1924 for use with their [[Radiola III]] regenerative broadcast receiver.<ref>[http://web.eecs.umich.edu/~srs/Antiques/templ.php?pid=223&collection=Radios Radios - RCA Radiola Balanced Amplifier 1924]</ref> By using a pair of low-power vacuum tubes in push–pull configuration, the amplifier allowed the use of a loudspeaker instead of headphones, while providing acceptable battery life with low standby power consumption.<ref>Gregory Malanowski ''The Race for Wireless: How Radio Was Invented (or Discovered?)'', AuthorHouse, 2011 {{ISBN|1463437501}} pages 66-67, page 144</ref> The technique continues to be used in audio, radio frequency, digital and power electronics systems today.
 
== Digital circuits ==
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==== Totem pole push–pull output stages ====
Two matched transistors of the same polarity can be arranged to supply opposite halves of each cycle without the need for an output transformer, although in doing so the driver circuit often is asymmetric and one transistor will be used in a [[common-emitter]] configuration while the other is used as an [[emitter follower]]. This arrangement is less used today than during the 1970's1970s; it can be implemented with few transistors (not so important today) but is relatively difficult to balance and to keep a low distortion.
 
==== Symmetrical push–pull ====