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[[File:Athlon64x2-6400plus.jpg|thumb|An [[AMD]] [[Athlon 64 X2|Athlon X2 6400+]] dual-core processor]]
A '''multi-core processor''' is a [[microprocessor]] on a single [[integrated circuit]] with two or more separate [[Central processing unit|processing units]], called cores, each of which reads and executes [[Instruction set|program instructions]].<ref>{{cite web|url= http://searchdatacenter.techtarget.com/sDefinition/0,,sid80_gci1015740,00.html|publisher= TechTarget|title= Definition: multi-core processor|last= Rouse|first= Margaret|date= March 27, 2007|access-date= March 6, 2013
A multi-core processor implements [[multiprocessing]] in a single physical package. Designers may couple cores in a multi-core device tightly or loosely. For example, cores may or may not share [[CPU cache|caches]], and they may implement [[message passing]] or [[shared memory|shared-memory]] inter-core communication methods. Common [[network topology|network topologies]] used to interconnect cores include [[bus network|bus]], [[ring network|ring]], two-dimensional [[mesh networking|mesh]], and [[crossbar switch|crossbar]]. Homogeneous multi-core systems include only identical cores; [[heterogeneous computing|heterogeneous]] multi-core systems have cores that are not identical (e.g. [[ARM big.LITTLE|big.LITTLE]] have heterogeneous cores that share the same [[Instruction set architecture|instruction set]], while [[AMD Accelerated Processing Unit]]s have cores that do not share the same instruction set). Just as with single-processor systems, cores in multi-core systems may implement architectures such as [[Very long instruction word|VLIW]], [[Superscalar processor|superscalar]], [[Vector processor|vector]], or [[Multithreading (computer architecture)|multithreading]].
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|url = http://www.futurechips.org/tips-for-power-coders/parallel-programming.html
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110529133159/http://www.futurechips.org/tips-for-power-coders/parallel-programming.html
|archive-date = May 29, 2011
|title = What makes parallel programming hard?
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Assuming that the die can physically fit into the package, multi-core CPU designs require much less [[printed circuit board]] (PCB) space than do multi-chip [[symmetric multiprocessing|SMP]] designs. Also, a dual-core processor uses slightly less power than two coupled single-core processors, principally because of the decreased power required to drive signals external to the chip. Furthermore, the cores share some circuitry, like the L2 cache and the interface to the [[front-side bus]] (FSB). In terms of competing technologies for the available silicon die area, multi-core design can make use of proven CPU core library designs and produce a product with lower risk of design error than devising a new wider-core design. Also, adding more cache suffers from diminishing returns.
Multi-core chips also allow higher performance at lower energy. This can be a big factor in mobile devices that operate on batteries. Since each core in a multi-core CPU is generally more energy-efficient, the chip becomes more efficient than having a single large monolithic core. This allows higher performance with less energy. A challenge in this, however, is the additional overhead of writing parallel code.<ref>{{cite web|title=Q & A: Do multicores save energy? Not really.|url=http://www.futurechips.org/chip-design-for-all/a-multicore-save-energy.html|last=Suleman|first=Aater|date=May 19, 2011|access-date=March 6, 2013
===Disadvantages===
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** [[Intel Atom|Atom]], single, dual-core, quad-core, 8-, 12-, and 16-core processors for [[Netbook|netbooks]], [[Nettop|nettops]], embedded applications, and [[Mobile Internet device|mobile internet devices]] (MIDs).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/97941/intel-atom-processor-c-series.html|title=Intel® Atom™ Processor C Series Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Atom (system on chip)|Atom SoC (system on a chip)]], single-core, dual-core, and quad-core processors for smartphones and tablets.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/76761/intel-atom-processor-z-series.html|title=Intel® Atom™ Processor Z Series Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Celeron]], the first dual-core (and, later, quad-core) processor for the budget/entry-level market.<ref>{{cite news| url=http://www.xbitlabs.com/news/cpu/display/20071011171900.html| title=Intel Preps Dual-Core Celeron Processors| date=October 11, 2007| access-date=November 12, 2007
** [[Core Duo]], a dual-core processor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/codename/2673/yonah.html|title=Products formerly Yonah|website=ark.intel.com|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Core 2 Duo]], a dual-core processor.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/codename/2680/conroe.html|title=Products formerly Conroe|website=ark.intel.com|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
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** [[Itanium]], single, dual-core, quad-core, and 8-core processors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/451/intel-itanium-processor.html|title=Intel® Itanium® Processor Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Pentium]], single, dual-core, and quad-core processors for the entry-level market.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/91594/intel-pentium-processor-d-series.html|title=Intel® Pentium® Processor D Series Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Teraflops Research Chip]] (Polaris), a 3.16 GHz, 80-core processor prototype, which the company originally stated would be released by 2011.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techfreep.com/intel-80-cores-by-2011.htm|title=Intel: 80 Cores by 2011|last=Zazaian|first=Mike|date=September 26, 2006
** [[Xeon]] dual-, quad-, 6-, 8-, 10-, 12-, 14-, 15-, 16-, 18-, 20-, 22-, 24-, 26-, 28-, 32-, 48-, and 56-core processors.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://techreport.com/news/26056/intel-releases-15-core-xeon-e7-v2-processor|title=Intel releases 15-core Xeon E7 v2 processor|last=Kowaliski|first=Cyril|date=February 18, 2014|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141011023442/http://techreport.com/news/26056/intel-releases-15-core-xeon-e7-v2-processor|archive-date=2014-10-11}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78585/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v3-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E7 v3 Family|publisher=[[Intel]]|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707122129/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78585/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v3-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78584/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v2-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E7 v2 Family|publisher=Intel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120021/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78584/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E7-v2-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78580/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E3-v2-Family|title=Intel Xeon Processor E3 v2 Family|publisher=Intel|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150707120142/http://ark.intel.com/products/family/78580/Intel-Xeon-Processor-E3-v2-Family|archive-date=2015-07-07}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.techspot.com/news/79481-intel-announces-xeon-platinum-9200-series-cpus-up.html|title=Intel shows off Xeon Platinum CPU with up to 56 cores and 112 threads|website=TechSpot|language=en-US|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.intel.com/content/www/us/en/products/docs/processors/xeon/2nd-gen-xeon-scalable-processors-brief.html|title=2nd Gen Intel® Xeon® Scalable Processors Brief|last=PDF|first=Download|website=Intel|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
** [[Intel MIC#Xeon Phi|Xeon Phi]] 57-, 60-, 61-, 64-, 68-, and 72-core processors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/92649/intel-xeon-phi-x100-product-family.html|title=Intel® Xeon Phi™ x100 Product Family Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://ark.intel.com/content/www/us/en/ark/products/series/132784/intel-xeon-phi-72x5-processor-family.html|title=Intel® Xeon Phi™ 72x5 Processor Family Product Specifications|website=ark.intel.com|language=en|access-date=2019-05-04}}</ref>
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===Academic===
* [[Stanford]], 4-core Hydra processor<ref>{{cite conference |last1=Hammond |first1=Lance |title=The Stanford Hydra CMP |conference=Hot Chips |date=1999 |url=https://old.hotchips.org/wp-content/uploads/hc_archives/hc11/2_Mon/hc99.s1.3.Hammond.pdf |access-date=27 June 2023
* [[MIT]], 16-core [http://groups.csail.mit.edu/cag/raw/ RAW] processor
* [[University of California, Davis]], [[Asynchronous array of simple processors]] (AsAP)
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==Further reading==
* {{cite conference |
* {{cite conference |
==External links==
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