Content deleted Content added
m Open access bot: doi updated in citation with #oabot. |
→Types and examples: added citations for "edge effect" |
||
Line 15:
== Types and examples ==
By drawing a boundary around a study area, two types of problems in measurement and analysis takes place.<ref name=Fotheringham93/> The first is an ''edge effect''.<ref name=Gao1>{{cite journal |last1=Gao |first1=Fei |last2=Kihal |first2=Wahida |last3=Meur |first3=Nolwenn Le |last4=Souris |first4=Marc |last5=Deguen |first5=Séverine |title=Does the edge effect impact on the measure of spatial accessibility to healthcare providers? |journal=International Journal of Health Geographics |date=2017 |volume=16 |issue=1 |page=46 |doi=10.1186/s12942-017-0119-3 |pmid=29228961 |pmc=5725922 |doi-access=free }}</ref> This effect originates from the ignorance of interdependences that occur outside the bounded region.<ref name=Gao1/> Griffith<ref name=Griffith80>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Daniel A. |title=Towards a Theory of Spatial Statistics |journal=Geographical Analysis |date=3 September 2010 |volume=12 |issue=4 |pages=325–339 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1980.tb00040.x}}</ref><ref name="Griffith83"/> and Griffith and Amrhein<ref name=Griffith_Amrhein83>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Daniel A. |last2=Amrhein |first2=Carl G. |title=An Evaluation of Correction Techniques for Boundary Effects in Spatial Statistical Analysis: Traditional Methods |journal=Geographical Analysis |date=3 September 2010 |volume=15 |issue=4 |pages=352–360 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1983.tb00794.x|doi-access=free }}</ref> highlighted problems according to the edge effect. A typical example is a cross-boundary influence such as cross-border jobs, services and other resources located in a neighbouring municipality.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Mcguire |first1=James |title=What works : reducing reoffending : guidelines from research and practice |date=1999 |publisher=J. Wiley |isbn=978-0471956860}}</ref>
The second is a ''shape effect'' that results from the artificial shape delineated by the boundary. As an illustration of the effect of the artificial shape, point pattern analysis tends to provide higher levels of clustering for the identical point pattern within a unit that is more elongated.<ref name=Fotheringham93/> Similarly, the shape can influence interaction and flow among spatial entities.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Arlinghaus |first1=Sandra L. |last2=Nystuen |first2=John D. |title=Geometry of Boundary Exchanges |journal=Geographical Review |date=January 1990 |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=21 |doi=10.2307/215895|jstor=215895 }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Ferguson |first1=Mark R. |last2=Kanaroglou |first2=Pavlos S. |title=Representing the Shape and Orientation of Destinations in Spatial Choice Models |journal=Geographical Analysis |date=3 September 2010 |volume=30 |issue=2 |pages=119–137 |doi=10.1111/j.1538-4632.1998.tb00392.x|doi-access= }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Griffith |first1=Daniel A. |title=Geometry and Spatial Interaction |journal=Annals of the Association of American Geographers |date=1982 |volume=72 |issue=3 |pages=332–346 |issn=0004-5608|jstor=2563023 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-8306.1982.tb01829.x }}</ref> For example, the shape can affect the measurement of origin-destination flows since these are often recorded when they cross an artificial boundary. Because of the effect set by the boundary, the shape and area information is used to estimate travel distances from surveys,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Rogerson |first1=Peter A. |title=Buffon's needle and the estimation of migration distances |journal=Mathematical Population Studies |date=July 1990 |volume=2 |issue=3 |pages=229–238 |doi=10.1080/08898489009525308|pmid=12283029 }}</ref> or to locate traffic counters, travel survey stations, or traffic monitoring systems.<ref>Kirby, H. R. (1997) Buffon's needle and the probability of intercepting short-distance trips by multiple screen-line surveys. Geographical Analysis, 29 64–71.</ref> From the same perspective, Theobald (2001; retrieved from<ref name=BESR02/>) argued that measures of urban sprawl should consider interdependences and interactions with nearby rural areas.
| |||