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'''Digital circuits''': [[Boolean algebra|Boolean functions]] ([[NOT gate|NOT]], [[AND gate|AND]], [[OR gate|OR]], [[XOR gate|XOR]],...). Logic gates digital IC families ([[DTL]], [[Transistor–transistor logic|TTL]], [[Emitter-coupled logic|ECL]], [[metal-oxide-silicon|MOS]], [[CMOS]]). Combinational circuits: arithmetic circuits, code converters, [[multiplexers]], and [[Binary decoder|decoder]]s. [[Sequential circuit]]s: latches and flip-flops, counters, and shift-registers. Sample and hold circuits, [[Analog-to-digital converter|ADC]]s, [[Digital-to-analog converter|DAC]]s. [[Semiconductor memories]]. [[Microprocessor 8086]]: architecture, programming, memory, and I/O interfacing.<ref>Ronald C. Emery ''Digital Circuits: Logic and Design'', CRC Press, 1985 {{ISBN|978-0-8247-7397-7}}</ref><ref>Anant Agarwal/Jeffrey H. Lang ''Foundations of Analog and Digital Electronic Circuits'', Morgan Kaufmann, 2005 {{ISBN|978-1-55860-735-4}}</ref>
'''Signals and systems:''' Definitions and properties of [[Laplace transform]], continuous-time and discrete-time [[Fourier series]], continuous-time and discrete-time [[Fourier Transform]], [[z-transform]]. [[Sampling theorem]]s. [[LTI system theory|Linear Time-Invariant (LTI) Systems]]: definitions and properties; causality, stability, impulse response, convolution, poles and zeros frequency response, [[group delay and phase delay]]. Signal transmission through LTI systems. Random signals and noise: [[probability]], [[random variables]], [[probability density function]], [[autocorrelation]], [[power spectral density]], and function analogy between vectors & functions.<ref>Michael J. Roberts ''Signals and Systems'', p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 2003 {{ISBN|978-0-07-249942-1}}</ref><ref>Hwei Piao Hsu Schaum's Outline of ''Theory and Problems of Signals and Systems'', p. 1, McGraw–Hill Professional, 1995 {{ISBN|978-0-07-030641-7}}</ref>
==== Electronic Control systems ====
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