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|title=Quality Growth Toolkit: Mixed-use Development|publisher=Atlanta Regional Commission|page=2|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111128011547/http://www.atlantaregional.com/File%20Library/Local%20Gov%20Services/gs_cct_mixedusetool_1109.pdf|archive-date=2011-11-28}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Raman|first1=Rewati|last2=Roy|first2=Uttam Kumar|date=2019-11-01|title=Taxonomy of urban mixed land use planning|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=88|pages=104102|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2019.104102|s2cid=201338748|issn=0264-8377}}</ref> Mixed-use development may be applied to a single building, a block or neighborhood, or in zoning policy across an entire city or other administrative unit. These projects may be completed by a private developer, (quasi-) governmental agency, or a combination thereof. A mixed-use development may be a new construction, reuse of an existing building or [[brownfield site]], or a combination.<ref>O’Connell, Evan. Submission to the Cork City Development Plan 2021-2028: Re: Mixed Planning System. https://consult.corkcity.ie/ga/system/files/materials/1399/2492/Submission%20to%20the%20Cork%20City%20Development%20Plan%202021-2028_%20Re_%20Mixed%20Planning%20System.pdf</ref>
==在北美與歐洲和香港使用== 傳統上，人類住區以混合用途模式發展。 然而，隨著[[工業化|工業化]]，引入了政府分割槽法規，將製造業等不同功能與住宅區分開。 公共衛生問題和財產價值的保護是這種分離的動機。<ref name=":3" /> 在美國，[[單戶分割槽|單戶住宅用途分割槽實踐]]是為了保護社群免受與較重工業實踐相關的負面[[外部性|外部性]]的影響，包括空氣、噪音和光汙染。<ref name=":3" />這些區域的構建也是為了加劇種族和階級劃分。<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=November 2012|title=混合使用預設：歐洲人（不要）如何）區域|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375-393|doi=10.1177/doi=10.1177/5408812212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref> 二戰後，美國分離使用[[zoning]]的鼎盛時期是第二次世界大戰後，當時規劃者和[[紐約市公園專員]]，[Robert Moses]]倡導高速公路，以打破城市的功能和社群。 這些做法的對立面來自活動家和作家[[Jane Jacobs]]，他是混合用途分割槽的主要支持者，認為它在創造有機、多樣化和充滿活力的街景方面發揮了關鍵作用。<ref name=":5" />這兩個數字在20世紀60年代的大部分時間裡是正面交鋒的。<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Jacobs|url=https://www.pps.org/article/jjacobs-2|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pps.org}}</ref>自20世紀90年代以來，混合用途分割槽再次變得可取，因為它旨在打擊[[[城市蔓延]]並提高經濟活力。<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Chicago Zoning Ordinance|url=https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/documents/chicago-zoning 在歐洲大部分地區，政府政策鼓勵市中心繼續發揮商業、零售、餐飲和娛樂活動的主要地點的作用，這與美國不同，美國幾十年來，分割槽積極阻止這種混合使用。 例如，在英國，酒店與“住宅”包括在同一個保護傘下，而不是在美國被歸類為商業酒店。<ref name=":8" />法國同樣傾向於混合用途，因為巴黎的大部分地區被簡單地劃分為“一般城市”，允許各種用途。 即使是貴族豪宅和別墅所在的區域，也專注於歷史和建築保護，而不是單一家庭分割槽。<ref name=":8" />德國和俄羅斯也不存在單一家庭分割槽，因為分割槽法規不區分不同型別的住房。<ref name=":8" /> 美國對私人財產和傳統的20世紀50年代郊區住宅的依戀，以及深刻的種族和階級鴻，標誌著各大洲之間混合用途分割槽的差異。<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=2012-11-01|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref>因此，歐洲許多中心城市都使用“預設使用”一詞與城市的新地區更相關，這些地區更適合於城市中努力混合住宅和商業活動——例如在阿姆斯特丹的[[東部碼頭區]].<ref pages=375–393|year = 2012|last1 = Hirt|first1 = Sonia|s2cid = 154219333|author1-link = Sonia Hirt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09654310500242048|title = Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands| journal=European Planning Studies| volume=13| issue=7| pages=967–983|year = 2005|last1 = Hoppenbrouwer|first1 = Eric| last2=Louw| first2=Erik|s2cid = 154169103}}</ref>
==Use in North America vs. Europe vs. Hong Kong==
Traditionally, human settlements have developed in mixed-use patterns. However, with [[Industrialisation|industrialization]], governmental zoning regulations were introduced to separate different functions, such as manufacturing, from residential areas. Public health concerns and the protection of property values stood as the motivation behind this separation.<ref name=":3" />
The land of Hong Kong is not enough
In the United States, the [[Single-family zoning|practice of zoning for single-family residential use]] was instigated to safeguard communities from negative [[Externality|externalities]], including air, noise, and light pollution, associated with heavier industrial practices.<ref name=":3" /> These zones were also constructed to exacerbate racial and class divisions.<ref name=":8">{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=November 2012|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=http://journals.sagepub.com/doi/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref>
The heyday of separate-use [[zoning in the United States]] came after World War II when planner and [[New York City Parks Commissioner]], [[Robert Moses]], championed superhighways to break up functions and neighborhoods of the city. The antithesis to these practices came from activist and writer, [[Jane Jacobs]], who was a major proponent of mixed-use zoning, believing it played a key role in creating an organic, diverse, and vibrant streetscape.<ref name=":5" /> These two figures went head-to-head during much of the 1960s.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Jane Jacobs|url=https://www.pps.org/article/jjacobs-2|access-date=2021-10-12|website=www.pps.org}}</ref> Since the 1990s, mixed-use zoning has once again become desirable as it works to combat [[urban sprawl]] and increase economic vitality.<ref name=":3" /><ref>{{Cite web|date=2007|title=Chicago Zoning Ordinance|url=https://www.metroplanning.org/uploads/cms/documents/chicago-zoning-ordinance.pdf|website=Metropolitan Planning Council}}</ref>
In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main ___location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as “residential,” rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US.<ref name=":8" /> France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be “General Urban,” allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning.<ref name=":8" /> Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.<ref name=":8" />
America’s attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=2012-11-01|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref> As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's [[Eastern Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|title = Mixed Use by Default| journal=Journal of Planning Literature| volume=27| issue=4| pages=375–393|year = 2012|last1 = Hirt|first1 = Sonia|s2cid = 154219333|author1-link = Sonia Hirt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09654310500242048|title = Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands| journal=European Planning Studies| volume=13| issue=7| pages=967–983|year = 2005|last1 = Hoppenbrouwer|first1 = Eric| last2=Louw| first2=Erik|s2cid = 154169103}}</ref>
==Contexts==
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