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In most of Europe, government policy has encouraged the continuation of the city center's role as a main ___location for business, retail, restaurant, and entertainment activity, unlike in the United States where zoning actively discouraged such mixed use for many decades. In England, for example, hotels are included under the same umbrella as “residential,” rather than commercial as they are classified under in the US.<ref name=":8" /> France similarly gravitates towards mixed-use as much of Paris is simply zoned to be “General Urban,” allowing for a variety of uses. Even zones that house the mansions and villas of the aristocrats focus on historical and architectural preservation rather than single family zoning.<ref name=":8" /> Single family zoning is also absent in Germany and Russia where zoning codes make no distinction between different types of housing.<ref name=":8" />
America’s attachment to private property and the traditional 1950s suburban home, as well as deep racial and class divides, have marked the divergence in mixed-use zoning between the continents.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Hirt|first=Sonia|date=2012-11-01|title=Mixed Use by Default: How the Europeans (Don't) Zone|url=https://doi.org/10.1177/0885412212451029|journal=Journal of Planning Literature|language=en|volume=27|issue=4|pages=375–393|doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|s2cid=154219333|issn=0885-4122}}</ref> As a result, much of Europe's central cities are mixed use "by default" and the term "mixed-use" is much more relevant regarding new areas of the city where an effort is made to mix residential and commercial activities – such as in Amsterdam's [[Eastern Docklands]].<ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1177/0885412212451029|title = Mixed Use by Default| journal=Journal of Planning Literature| volume=27| issue=4| pages=375–393|year = 2012|last1 = Hirt|first1 = Sonia|s2cid = 154219333|author1-link = Sonia Hirt}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal | doi=10.1080/09654310500242048|title = Mixed-use development: Theory and practice in Amsterdam's Eastern Docklands| journal=European Planning Studies| volume=13| issue=7| pages=967–983|year = 2005|last1 = Hoppenbrouwer|first1 = Eric| last2=Louw| first2=Erik|s2cid = 154169103}}</ref>
==Contexts==
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Any of the above contexts may also include parallel contexts such as:
* ''[[Transit-oriented development]]''—for example in [[Los Angeles]] and [[San Diego]], where the cities made across-the-board zoning law changes permitting denser development within a certain distance of certain types of transit stations, with the primary aim of increasing the amount and affordability of housing<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.brookings.edu/blog/the-avenue/2018/02/21/california-wants-cities-to-build-more-housing-near-transit-hubs-can-la-improve-its-track-record-on-tod/|last1=Schuetz|first1=Jenny|last2=Giuliano|first2=Genevieve|last3=Shin|first3=Eun Jin|title=California wants cities to build more housing near transit hubs. Can LA improve its track record on TOD?|publisher=Brookings Institution|date=February 21, 2018|access-date=September 20, 2019}}</ref>
* Older cities such as Chicago and San Francisco have ''[[historic preservation]]'' policies that sometimes offer more flexibility for older buildings to be used for purposes other than what they were originally zoned for, with the aim of preserving historic architecture<ref name="Laitos, Jan G. 2011, pp. 492">{{Cite journal|last1=Laitos|first1=Jan G.|last2=Abel|first2=Teresa H.|title=The Role of Brownfields as Sites for Mixed use Development Projects in America and Britain|journal=Denver Journal of International Law and Policy|volume=40|issue=1–3|date=2011|page=492}}</ref>
==Benefits==
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