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| 1941<br />May 11
| [[Germany]]
|| Now working with limited backing from the DVL (German Aeronautical Research Institute), [[Konrad Zuse]] completed the ''''[[Z3 (computer)|Z3]]'''' (originally 'V3'): the first operational programmable computer. One major improvement over [[Charles Babbage]]'s non-functional device is the use of [[Gottfried Leibniz|Leibniz]]'s binary system (Babbage and others unsuccessfully tried to build decimal programmable computers). Zuse's machine also featured floating-point numbers with a 7-bit exponent, 14-bit mantissa (with a '1' bit automatically prefixed unless the number is 0), and a sign bit. The memory held 64 of these words and therefore required over 1400 relays; there were 1200 more in the arithmetic and control units. It also featured parallel adders. The program, input, and output were implemented as described above for the Z1. Although conditional jumps were not available, it has been shown that Zuse's Z3 is, in principle, capable of functioning as a universal computer.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Rojas |first=R. |title=How to make Zuse's Z3 a universal computer |journal=IEEE Annals of the History of Computing |volume=20 |issue=3 |pages=51–54 |year=1998 |doi=10.1109/85.707574 |s2cid=14606587 |author-link=Raúl Rojas
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| 1942<br />Summer
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