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{{Main|Charge-coupled device}}
The [[charge-coupled device]] (CCD) was invented by [[Willard S. Boyle]] and [[George E. Smith]] at Bell Labs in 1969.<ref>{{Cite book | title = Scientific charge-coupled devices | first = James R. |last = Janesick | publisher = SPIE Press | year = 2001 | isbn = 978-0-8194-3698-6 | pages = 3–4 | url = https://books.google.com/books?id=3GyE4SWytn4C&pg=PA3 }}</ref> While researching MOS technology, they realized that an electric charge was the analogy of the magnetic bubble and that it could be stored on a tiny [[MOS capacitor]]. As it was fairly straightforward to [[semiconductor device fabrication|fabricate]] a series of MOS capacitors in a row, they connected a suitable voltage to them so that the charge could be stepped along from one to the next.<ref name="Williams"/> The CCD is a semiconductor circuit that was later used in the first [[digital video camera]]s for [[television broadcasting]].<ref>{{cite journal|last1=Boyle|first1=William S|last2=Smith|first2=George E.|date=1970|title=Charge Coupled Semiconductor Devices|journal=Bell Syst. Tech. J.|volume=49|issue=4|pages=587–593|doi=10.1002/j.1538-7305.1970.tb01790.x|bibcode=1970BSTJ...49..587B }}</ref>
Early CCD sensors suffered from [[shutter lag]]. This was largely resolved with the invention of the [[pinned photodiode]] (PPD).<ref name="Fossum2014"/> It was invented by [[Nobukazu Teranishi]], Hiromitsu Shiraki and Yasuo Ishihara at [[NEC]] in 1980.<ref name="Fossum2014"/><ref>{{US patent|4484210|U.S. Patent 4,484,210: Solid-state imaging device having a reduced image lag}}</ref> It was a [[photodetector]] structure with low lag, low [[noise (electronics)|noise]], high [[quantum efficiency]] and low [[dark current (physics)|dark current]].<ref name="Fossum2014"/> In 1987, the PPD began to be incorporated into most CCD devices, becoming a fixture in [[consumer electronic]] [[video cameras]] and then [[digital still camera]]s. Since then, the PPD has been used in nearly all CCD sensors and then CMOS sensors.<ref name="Fossum2014"/>
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