Cities for Climate Protection program: Difference between revisions

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The '''Cities for Climate Protection program''' (CCP) is one of three major global transnational municipal networks aimed at reducing urban greenhouse gas emissions. Established in 1990 by the International Union of Local Authorities and the [[United Nations Environment Programme]], one of the largest global transnational networks, the International Council for Local Environment Initiatives (ICLEI), presented a framework to represent local government environmental concerns internationally.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Betsill|first=Michele|author2=Bulkeley, H|title=Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program|journal=International Studies Quarterly|year=2004|volume=48|issue=2|pages=471–493|doi=10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> The ICLEI strives to ‘establish an active and committed municipal membership… that promotes environmental and sustainable development initiatives within…[a] framework of decentralised cooperation’.<ref>{{cite journal|last=ICLEI 2002a|author2=IN|title=Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program|journal=International Studies Quarterly|year=2004|volume=48|issue=2|pages=471–493|doi=10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> In 1993, subsequent to an ICLEI successful pilot scheme, the Urban {{CO2}} Reduction Project, the CCP program was established during the post-[[Rio Earth Summit]] era. The CCP program illustrates itself within local climate policy, as a [[Transnational governance]] network.

== The Cities for Climate Protection program ==

Established in 1993, the CCP program houses more than 650 municipal governments representing over 30 participatory countries.<ref name="Toly, 2008">{{cite journal|last=Toly|first=Noah|title=Transnational Municipal Networks in Climate Politics: From Global Governance to Global Politics|journal=Globalizations|year=2008|volume=5|issue=3|pages=341–356|doi=10.1080/14747730802252479|s2cid=55656724 }}</ref> The CCP program assumes that whilst single local government efforts to reduce greenhouse gas emissions (GHG) may be reasonably modest, by working together as a network of authoritative bodies, local authorities can significantly influence efforts to reduce GHG emissions.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004">{{cite journal|last=Betsill|first=Michele|author2=Bulkeley, H.|title=Transnational Networks and Global Environmental Governance: The Cities for Climate Protection Program|journal=International Studies Quarterly|year=2004|volume=48|issue=2|pages=471–493|doi=10.1111/j.0020-8833.2004.00310.x|doi-access=free}}</ref> ). As areas of the world with the largest populations and most significant population growth, the world's cities populations reached an extortionate 3.2 billion in 2005, set to increase to a scintillating 5 billion by 2030.<ref name="Toly, 2008" /> Thus indicating by representing 50% of the global population within cities in 2005,<ref name="Toly, 2008" /> cities are a pivotal base point to raise the awareness and initiate action toward reducing GHG emissions. Local authorities of the CCP program ‘regulate, advise, and facilitate action by local communities and stakeholders…in addressing environmental impacts…of energy management, transport, and planning’.<ref name="Betsill, M. M. & Bulkeley, H. 2004" />

ICLEI's initial pilot project, the Urban {{CO2}} Reduction Project, brought together American, Canadian and European cities to develop a municipal planning framework to reduce GHG emissions and produce an energy management strategy,<ref name="Lindseth, 2004">{{cite journal|last=Lindseth|first=Gard|title=The Cities for Climate Protection Campaign (CCPC) and the Framing of Local Climate Policy|journal=Local Environment|year=2004|volume=9|issue=4|pages=325–336|doi=10.1080/1354983042000246252|s2cid=56048368 }}</ref> leading to the founding of the CCP program. As part of the figuring of the CCP program network, local authorities engaged with national and international governments, developing and implementing GHG emission reduction strategies, and strategies to protect the ability of the biological environment to remove {{CO2}}.<ref name="ICLEI 1993a">{{cite book|last=ICLEI|title=Municipal Leader's Declaration on Climate Change and the Urban Environment|year=1993a|publisher=United Nations|___location=New York}}</ref> From the provision of the founding of the CCP program network, four main goals were stated: