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cell shape. As a consequence they vary in their ability to capture different biological mechanisms, the effort needed to extend them from two- to three-dimensional models and also in their computational cost.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Osborne JM, Fletcher AG, Pitt-Francis JM, Maini PK, Gavaghan DJ | title = Comparing individual-based approaches to modelling the self-organization of multicellular tissues | journal = PLOS Computational Biology | volume = 13 | issue = 2 | pages = e1005387 | date = February 2017 | pmid = 28192427 | pmc = 5330541 | doi = 10.1371/journal.pcbi.1005387 | bibcode = 2017PLSCB..13E5387O | doi-access = free }}</ref>
The simplest off-lattice model, the center-based model, depicts cells as spheres and models their mechanical interactions using pairwise potentials.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Meineke FA, Potten CS, Loeffler M | title = Cell migration and organization in the intestinal crypt using a lattice-free model | journal = Cell Proliferation | volume = 34 | issue = 4 | pages = 253–266 | date = August 2001 | pmid = 11529883 | pmc = 6495866 | doi = 10.1046/j.0960-7722.2001.00216.x }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Drasdo D, Höhme S | title = A single-cell-based model of tumor growth in vitro: monolayers and spheroids | journal = Physical Biology | volume = 2 | issue = 3 | pages = 133–147 | date = July 2005 | pmid = 16224119 | doi = 10.1088/1478-3975/2/3/001 | bibcode = 2005PhBio...2..133D | s2cid = 24191020 }}</ref> It is easily extended to a large number of cells in both 2D and 3D.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Galle J, Aust G, Schaller G, Beyer T, Drasdo D | title = Individual cell-based models of the spatial-temporal organization of multicellular systems--achievements and limitations | journal = Cytometry. Part A | volume = 69 | issue = 7 | pages = 704–710 | date = July 2006 | pmid = 16807896 | doi = 10.1002/cyto.a.20287 | doi-access =
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