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m v2.05b - Bot T20 CW#61 - Fix errors for CW project (Reference before punctuation) |
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- the definition is simply the transition of a substance directly from the solid to the gas state, without passing through the liquid state
- technically, all solids sublime (depending mostly on vapour pressure, which is very situational) --><!-- checking some online English dictionaries:
1. sublime and sublimate are both valid, and both have some other meanings
(also almost every dictionary)
2. sublimate may mean the product
3. sublimation may also mean itself followed by deposition
4. sublimation seems used to mean deposition alone but this meaning is completely obsolete, few if any online dictionary has such meaning as of 2023, the archaic use is likely phased out
yes, this is very confusing -->
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[[File:Nickelocen an einem Kühlfinger.jpg|thumb|right|Dark green [[crystals]] of [[nickelocene]], sublimed and freshly deposited on a [[cold finger]]]]
'''Sublimation''' is the [[Phase transition|transition of a substance]] directly from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state, without passing through the [[liquid]] state.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Whitten |first1=Kenneth W. |last2=Gailey |first2=Kenneth D. |last3=Davis |first3=Raymond E. |title=General chemistry |url=https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0 |url-access=registration |date=1992 |publisher=Saunders College Publishing |isbn=0-03-072373-6 |page=[https://archive.org/details/generalchemistry00whit_0/page/475 475] |edition=4th}}</ref> The verb form of sublimation is ''sublime'', or less preferably, ''sublimate''.<ref name=":0">{{cite Merriam-Webster|Sublimate}}</ref>
All solids sublime, though most sublime at extremely low rates that are hardly detectable. At [[standard conditions for temperature and pressure|normal pressures]], most [[chemical compound]]s and [[chemical element|elements]] possess three different states at different [[temperature]]s. In these cases, the transition from the [[solid]] to the [[gas]] state requires an intermediate liquid state. The pressure referred to is the ''[[partial pressure]]'' of the substance, not the ''total'' (e.g. atmospheric) pressure of the entire system. Thus, any solid can sublime if its [[vapour pressure]] is higher than the surrounding partial pressure of the same substance, and in some cases, sublimes at an appreciable rate (e.g. water ice just below 0 °C).
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=== Uncommon definition ===
Sublimation is sometimes used as a generic term to describe a two-step phase transition ― a solid-to-gas transition (sublimation in a more precise definition) followed by a gas-to-solid transition ([[deposition (phase transition)|deposition]]).<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Sublime}}</ref><ref>[https://www.collinsdictionary.com/dictionary/english/sublime "Sublime"]. [[Collins English Dictionary#CollinsDictionary.com|CollinsDictionary.com Dictionary]].</ref>[[File:Comparison carbon dioxide water phase diagrams.svg|thumb|upright=2|Comparison of phase diagrams of carbon dioxide (red) and water (blue) showing the carbon dioxide sublimation point (middle-left) at 1 atmosphere. As dry ice is heated, it crosses this point along the bold horizontal line from the solid phase directly into the gaseous phase. Water, on the other hand, passes through a liquid phase at 1 atmosphere.]]
==Examples==
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