Compendium (software): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 10:21, 27 December 2023

Revision as of 04:01, 28 December 2023

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| operating system = [[Cross-platform]]

| license = [[GNU LGPL]]

| website = {{url|compendium.open.ac.ukofficial website}}

}}

'''Compendium''' is a [[computer program]] and [[social science]] tool that facilitates the mapping and management of ideas and arguments. The software provides a visual environment that allows people to structure and record collaboration as they discuss and work through [[wicked problem]]s.

The software was released by the not-for-profit Compendium Institute.<ref name=KMI/><ref name=CI/> The current version operationalises the [[issue-based information system]] (IBIS), an argumentation mapping structure first developed by [[Horst Rittel]] in the 1970s.<ref name=KMI/> Compendium adds [[hypertext]] functionality and [[database]] [[interoperability]] to the issue-based notation derived from IBIS.<ref name=KMI/>

Compendium source code was fully released under the [[GNU Lesser General Public License]] on 13 January 2009.<ref>{{cite web |last=Buckingham Shum |first=Simon J |title=Compendium released open source |publisher=Compendium Institute |date=13 February 2009 |url=http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=41.htm |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122140838/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/news/rostra/news.php@r=55&t=2&id=41.htm |archive-date=2019-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Compendium can still be downloaded, but is no longer actively maintained.<ref name=CI>{{cite web |title=Compendium Institute (archived) |url=http://compendiumprojects.openbuckinghamshum.ac.uknet/compendiuminstitute/ |website=compendiumprojects.openbuckinghamshum.ac.uknet |access-date=26 August 2018}}</ref>

== Applications ==

Compendium visually[[Diagram|diagrammatically]] represents thoughts andas illustrates[[Node the(computer variousscience)|node]]s interconnectionsdisplayed betweenas differentlabeled issues,[[Icon (computing)|icon]]s—with types such as issues/questions, ideas/answers, answersarguments, references, and argumentsdecisions—and represents interconnections between different nodes.<ref name=tutorial>{{cite web |title=Introduction to Compendium: Tutorial, Version 1.3.4, June 2006 |url=http://projects.buckinghamshum.net/compendiuminstitute/training/Compendium.Tutorial.v1.3.4.pdf |website=projects.buckinghamshum.net |access-date=27 December 2023}}</ref> It can be used for applications as varied as: issue mapping in meetings, [[design rationale]]s and [[requirements analysis]], meeting management ([[Agenda (meeting)|agendas]] and [[minutes]]), [[action item]] and [[Issue tracking system|issue tracking]], [[requirements management]], classification, management templates, and reference databases (such as [[personal knowledge base]]s).<ref name=tutorial/><ref>{{cite techreport |last1=Selvin |first1=Albert M |last2=Buckingham Shum |first2=Simon J |last3=Seirhuis |first3=Maarten |last4=Conklin |first4=E Jeffrey |last5=Zimmerman |first5=Beatrix |last6=Palus |first6=Charles J |last7=Drath |first7=Wilfred H |last8=Horth |first8=David Magellan |last9=Domingue |first9=John |last10=Motta |first10=Enrico |date=March 2001 |title=Compendium: making meetings into knowledge events |number=KMI-TR-103 |___location=Milton Keynes |institution=Knowledge Media Institute, The Open University |url=https://kmi.open.ac.uk/publications/pdf/kmi-01-6.pdf}}</ref>

The software can be used by a group of people in a collaborative manner to conveydocument ideastheir tocollective each otherideas using visual diagrams. A group [[Facilitation (business)|facilitation]] method called [[dialogue mapping]] is especially suited for use with Compendium.<ref>{{harvnb|Conklin|2006}}; {{harvnb|Zubizarreta|2006}}</ref>

The creation of issue maps graphically represents the relations between issues and ideas, and facilitates the understanding of interconnected topics through [[Diagram|diagrammatic]] representation.

Compendium templates for critical thinking can be used to create [[argument map]]s using the [[argumentation scheme]]s developed by [[argumentation theory]] scholars such as [[Douglas N. Walton]], Chris Reed, and Fabrizio Macagno.<ref>As described in {{harvnb|Walton|Reed|Macagno|2008}}; to download the templates, see: {{cite web |title=Argumentation schemes: compendium templates for critical thinking |website=compendium.open.ac.uk |url=http://compendium.open.ac.uk/openuniversity/compendium-arg-schemes.html |access-date=17 August 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190122142010/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/openuniversity/compendium-arg-schemes.html |archive-date=2019-01-22 |url-status=dead}}</ref> Argumentation schemes are pre-defined patterns of reasoning for analysing and constructing arguments; each scheme is accompanied by a list of critical questions that can be used to evaluate whether a particular argument is good or [[fallacious]]. By using these argumentation schemes, users of Compendium can examine claims in more detail to uncover their implicit logical substructure and improve the rigor and depth of discussions.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckingham Shum|2007a}}; {{harvnb|Walton|Reed|Macagno|2008}}</ref>

The software can be used by a group of people in a collaborative manner to convey ideas to each other using visual diagrams. A group [[Facilitation (business)|facilitation]] method called [[dialogue mapping]] is especially suited for use with Compendium.<ref>{{harvnb|Conklin|2006}}; {{harvnb|Zubizarreta|2006}}</ref>

Compendium templates for critical thinking can be used to create [[argument map]]s using the [[argumentation scheme]]s developed by [[argumentation theory]] scholars such as [[Douglas N. Walton]], Chris Reed, and Fabrizio Macagno.<ref>As described in {{harvnb|Walton|Reed|Macagno|2008}}; to download the templates, see: {{cite web |title=Argumentation schemes: compendium templates for critical thinking |website=compendium.open.ac.uk |url=http://compendium.open.ac.uk/openuniversity/compendium-arg-schemes.html |access-date=17 August 2018}}</ref> Argumentation schemes are pre-defined patterns of reasoning for analysing and constructing arguments; each scheme is accompanied by a list of critical questions that can be used to evaluate whether a particular argument is good or [[fallacious]]. By using these argumentation schemes, users of Compendium can examine claims in more detail to uncover their implicit logical substructure and improve the rigor and depth of discussions.<ref>{{harvnb|Buckingham Shum|2007a}}</ref>

== Features ==

Ideas are represented as icons called [[Node (computer science)|node]]s. There are ten default types of node: question, answer, list view, map view, pro, con, note, decision, reference, argument.<ref name=tutorial/> There are three types of relationship between nodes: associative, transclusive, categorical.<ref name=tutorial/> Images can be placed directly into a view, assigned to a node, or assigned to the background picture.<ref name=tutorial/> Features of Compendium include:<ref name=tutorial/>

* Drag and drop documents and websites onto a map

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* Place resources in sequence to develop a learning path

Users can choose to use Compendium with either the [[Apache Derby]] (internal) or [[MySQL]] (external) [[relational database management system]].<ref name=KMI/>

The software is networked and supports concurrency and different views when using MySQL.

== History ==

Compendium is the result of fifteen years of development in collaborative modeling, initiated in the mid-1990s by Al Selvin and Maarten Sierhuis at [[NYNEX]] Science & Technology; the theory behind the software hails from the 1970s, when IBIS was first conceptualised by Horst Rittel. Selvin and Sierhuis built on Jeff Conklin's earlier hypertext issue mapping software: gIBIS and QuestMap.<ref name=KMI>{{cite web |title=Compendium project |publisher=Knowledge Media Institute, [[Open University]] |date=2009 |url=http://projects.kmi.open.ac.uk/compendium/ |access-date=11 January 2015}}</ref>

Many associations have thence contributed ideas to the development of Compendium. These institutions include Blue Oxen Associates, Center for Creative Leadership, [[Open University]]'s Knowledge Media Institute, [[Verizon]], CogNexus Institute, and {{Proper name|Agent iSolutions}}.<ref>{{cite web |title=Participating institutions |publisher=Compendium Institute |date=2007 |url=http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institutions.htm |access-date=11 January 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200702120921/http://compendium.open.ac.uk/institutions.htm |archive-date=2020-07-02 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In 2012, the Compendium community established CompendiumNG to further advance and develop the software.<ref>{{cite web |title=CompendiumNG wiki |publisher=CompendiumNG |date=2017 |url=https://github.com/CompendiumNG/CompendiumNG/wiki |access-date=22 February 2017}}</ref>

==See also==

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* {{cite book |last=Conklin |first=E Jeffrey |year=2006 |title=Dialogue mapping: building shared understanding of wicked problems |___location=Chichester, UK; Hoboken, NJ |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=0470017686 |oclc=60491946 }}

* {{cite book |last=Conole |first=Gráinne |year=2008 |chapter=Using Compendium as a tool to support the design of learning activities |editor1-last=Okada |editor1-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Buckingham Shum |editor2-first=Simon J |editor3-last=Sherborne |editor3-first=Tony |title=Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques |series=Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing |___location=New York |publisher=Springer |pages=199–221 |isbn=9781848001480 |oclc=195735592 |doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-149-7_10 |chapter-url=http://www.e4innovation.com/Papers/Conole_knowledge_cartography.pdf }}

* {{cite book |last1=Culmsee |first1=Paul |last2=Awati |first2=Kailash |year=2011 |title=The heretic's guide to best practices: the reality of managing complex problems in organisations |___location=Bloomington, IN |publisher=iUniverse, Inc. |isbn=9781462058549 |oclc=767703320 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CUgasLvgvdEC |url-access=limited}}

* {{cite book |editor1-last=Kirschner |editor1-first=Paul Arthur |editor2-last=Buckingham Shum |editor2-first=Simon J |editor3-last=Carr |editor3-first=Chad S |title=Visualizing argumentation: software tools for collaborative and educational sense-making |year=2003 |series=Computer supported cooperative work |___location=New York |publisher=Springer |isbn=1852336641 |oclc=50676911 |doi=10.1007/978-1-4471-0037-9 |s2cid=46267938 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dNijwv-my_kC |url-access=limited}}

* {{cite book |last=McCrickard |first=Scott |year=2012 |title=Making claims: the claim as a knowledge design, capture, and sharing tool in HCI |series=Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics |volume=15 |___location=San Rafael, CA |publisher=Morgan & Claypool |isbn=9781608459056 |oclc=847741769 |doi=10.2200/S00423ED1V01Y201205HCI015 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3Y9gAQAAQBAJ |url-access=limited}}

* {{cite book |last=Ohl |first=Ricky |year=2008 |chapter=Computer supported argument visualisation: modelling in consultative democracy around wicked problems |editor1-last=Okada |editor1-first=Alexandra |editor2-last=Buckingham Shum |editor2-first=Simon J |editor3-last=Sherborne |editor3-first=Tony |title=Knowledge cartography: software tools and mapping techniques |series=Advanced Information and Knowledge Processing |url=https://archive.org/details/knowledgecartogr00okad |url-access=limited |___location=New York |publisher=Springer |pages=267–286 |isbn=9781848001480 |oclc=195735592 |doi=10.1007/978-1-84800-149-7_13 }}

* {{cite book |last1=Selvin |first1=Al |last2=Buckingham Shum |first2=Simon J |year=2015 |title=Constructing knowledge art: an experiential perspective on crafting participatory representations |series=Synthesis lectures on human-centered informatics |volume=23 |___location=San Rafael, CA |publisher=Morgan & Claypool |isbn=9781627052603 |oclc=896432029 |doi=10.2200/S00593ED1V01Y201408HCI023 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A8sdBQAAQBAJ |url-access=limited}}

* {{cite book |last1=Walton |first1=Douglas |author-link1=Douglas N. Walton |last2=Reed |first2=Chris |last3=Macagno |first3=Fabrizio |year=2008 |chapter=Schemes in Compendium |pages=[https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400 400] |title=Argumentation schemes |___location=Cambridge; New York |publisher=[[Cambridge University Press]] |isbn=9780521897907 |oclc=181424052 |chapter-url=https://archive.org/details/argumentationsch0000walt/page/400 }}

* {{cite book |last=Zubizarreta |first=Rosa |year=2006 |chapter=Practical dialogue: emergent approaches for effective collaboration |editor-last=Schuman |editor-first=Sandy |title=Creating a culture of collaboration: the International Association of Facilitators handbook |___location=San Francisco |publisher=Jossey-Bass |pages=257–278 |isbn=0787981168 |oclc=70659897 |chapter-url=http://www.diapraxis.com/media/AA/AL/diapraxis/downloads/267023/Chapter-13.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150112060731/http://www.diapraxis.com/media/AA/AL/diapraxis/downloads/267023/Chapter-13.pdf |archive-date=2015-01-12}}

== External links ==

*{{official website|compendium.open.ac.uk}}

*{{cite web |title=Compendium review: detailed look at Compendium mind mapping software |publisher=Graphic.org mind mapping software reviews |date=2009 |url=http://www.graphic.org/mind-mapping-software/compendium-review.html |access-date=11 January 2015 }}

*{{cite web |title=Relevant online content |publisher=CogNexus Institute links to places where issue mapping, dialogue mapping, IBIS, Compendium, wicked problems and many other related topics are discussed online |date=2014 |url=http://www.cognexus.org/relevant_online_content.htm |access-date=11 January 2015 }}