Frame (artificial intelligence): Difference between revisions

Revision as of 18:05, 27 November 2023

Revision as of 07:55, 30 December 2023

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===Implementations===

The earliest frame-based languages were custom developed for specific research projects and were not packaged as tools to be re-used by other researchers. Just as with [[expert system]] [[inference engine]]s, researchers soon realized the benefits of extracting part of the core infrastructure and developing general-purpose frame languages that were not coupled to specific applications. One of the first general-purpose frame languages was KRL.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Bobrow|first=D.G.|author2=Terry Winograd|title=An Overview of KRL: A Knowledge Representation Language|journal=Cognitive Science|year=1977|volume=1|pages=3–46|doi=10.1207/s15516709cog0101_2|doi-access=free}}</ref> One of the most influential early frame languages was [[KL-ONE]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=Brachman|first=Ron|title=A Structural Paradigm for Representing Knowledge|journal=Bolt, Beranek, and Neumann Technical Report|year=1978|issue=3605|url=httphttps://wwwartificialintelligencepedia.dtic.milcom/docswp-content/citationsuploads/ADA056524}2023/12/A-Structural-Paradigm-for-Representing-Knowledge.pdf}{{dead link|date=June 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> KL-ONE spawned several subsequent Frame languages. One of the most widely used successors to KL-ONE was the [[LOOM (ontology)|Loom language]] developed by Robert MacGregor at the [[Information Sciences Institute]].<ref>{{cite journal|last=MacGregor|first=Robert|title=Using a description classifier to enhance knowledge representation|journal=IEEE Expert|date=June 1991|volume=6|issue=3|doi=10.1109/64.87683|pages=41–46|s2cid=29575443 }}</ref>

In the 1980s Artificial Intelligence generated a great deal of interest in the business world fueled by expert systems. This led to the development of many commercial products for the development of knowledge-based systems. These early products were usually developed in Lisp and integrated constructs such as IF-THEN rules for logical reasoning with Frame hierarchies for representing data. One of the most well known of these early Lisp knowledge-base tools was the [[Knowledge Engineering Environment]] (KEE) from [[IntelliCorp (software)|Intellicorp]]. KEE provided a full Frame language with multiple inheritance, slots, triggers, default values, and a rule engine that supported backward and forward chaining. As with most early commercial versions of AI software KEE was originally deployed in [[Lisp (programming language)|Lisp]] on [[Lisp machine]] platforms but was eventually ported to PCs and Unix workstations.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Mettrey|first=William|title=An Assessment of Tools for Building Large Knowledge-Based Systems|journal=AI Magazine|year=1987|volume=8|issue=4|url=http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625|access-date=2013-12-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131110022104/http://www.aaai.org/ojs/index.php/aimagazine/article/viewArticle/625|archive-date=2013-11-10|url-status=dead}}</ref>

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* Russell, Stuart J.; Norvig, Peter (2010), ''Artificial Intelligence: A Modern Approach'' (2nd ed.), Upper Saddle River, New Jersey: Prentice Hall, {{ISBN|0-13-604259-7}}, ch. 1.

* Marvin Minsky, [http://web.media.mit.edu/~minsky/papers/Frames/frames.html A Framework for Representing Knowledge], MIT-AI Laboratory Memo 306, June, 1974.

* Daniel G. Bobrow, Terry Winograd, [ftp://reports.stanford.edu/pub/cstr/reports/cs/tr/76/581/CS-TR-76-581.pdf An Overview of KRL, A Knowledge Representation Language]{{Dead link|date=December 2019 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fixhttps://artificialintelligencepedia.com/wp-content/uploads/2023/12/A-Structural-Paradigm-for-Representing-attempted=yes }}, Stanford Artificial Intelligence Laboratory Memo AIM 293, 1976Knowledge.pdf

* R. Bruce Roberts and Ira P. Goldstein, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706131617/ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-408.pdf The FRL Primer], 1977

* R. Bruce Roberts and Ira P. Goldstein, [https://web.archive.org/web/20170706131620/ftp://publications.ai.mit.edu/ai-publications/pdf/AIM-409.pdf The FRL Manual], 1977