Conjugate points: Difference between revisions

Revision as of 09:24, 30 December 2023

Revision as of 09:25, 30 December 2023

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==Definition==

Suppose ''p'' and ''q'' are points on a [[pseudo-Riemannian manifold]], and <math>\gamma</math> is a [[geodesic]] that connects ''p'' and ''q''. Then ''p'' and ''q'' are '''conjugate points along <math>\gamma</math>''' if there exists a non-zero [[Jacobi field]] along <math>\gamma</math> that vanishes at ''p'' and ''q''.

Recall that any Jacobi field can be written as the derivative of a geodesic variation (see the article on [[Jacobi field]]s). Therefore, if ''p'' and ''q'' are conjugate along <math>\gamma</math>, one can construct a family of geodesics that start at ''p'' and ''almost'' end at ''q''. In particular,

if <math>\gamma_s(t)</math> is the family of geodesics whose derivative in ''s'' at <math>s=0</math> generates the Jacobi field ''J'', then the end point

of the variation, namely <math>\gamma_s(1)</math>, is the point ''q'' only up to first order in ''s''. Therefore, if two points are conjugate, it is not necessary that there exist two distinct geodesics joining them.

For Riemannian geometries, beyond a conjugate point, the geodesic is no longer locally the shortest path between points, as there are nearby paths that are shorter. This is analogous to the Earth's surface, where the geodesic between two points along a great circle is the shortest route only up to the antipodal point; beyond that, there are shorter paths.

Beyond a conjugate point, a geodesic in Lorentzian geometry may not be maximizing proper time (for timelike geodesics), and the geodesic may enter a region where it is no longer unique or well-defined. For null geodesics, points beyond the conjugate point are now timelike separated.

==Examples==