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Many [[Tidal stream generator|tidal stream generators]]
Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America — including at the Fundy Ocean Research Centre for Energy (FORCE), Japan, and elsewhere. The [[European Marine Energy Centre]] (EMEC) in [[Orkney]] was granted a license in 2016 to test up to 10 MW of tidal stream device in the Fall of Warness, to the west of the island of [[Eday]], and has since hosted the testing of many of these devices.
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
* Also in May 2008, OpenHydro was the first tidal turbine connected to the [[National Grid (Great Britain)|National Grid]] in Great Britain (GB). The 250 kW device was tested in the Fall of Warness, [[Eday]], Orkney.<ref name=":19">{{Cite web |title=OpenHydro turbine connected to UK grid |url=https://www.irishtimes.com/business/openhydro-turbine-connected-to-uk-grid-1.1215519 |access-date=2023-12-21 |website=The Irish Times |language=en}}</ref>
*
* In August 2016, Nova Innovation installed a second 100 kW turbine in the [[Bluemull Sound]], Shetland, connected to the GB Grid, also claimed as the worlds first tidal array.<ref name=":3">{{cite web |title=World first for Shetlands in tidal power breakthrough |url=https://www.theguardian.com/environment/2016/aug/29/world-first-for-shetlands-in-tidal-power-breakthrough |accessdate=8 September 2016 |work=the Guardian}}</ref>
* A dedicated site for testing tidal stream turbines was pre-consented at the [[European Marine Energy Centre]] in 2016, to simplify the process for developers testing devices.
* Phase 1 of the [[MeyGen]] project was commissioned in 2017, with four turbines totaling 6 MW installed, making it the largest tidal array to date.<ref name=":10" />
== Key companies and turbines ==
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In October 2022, the company split out it's anchoring solutions as '''Swift Anchors''', with the aim to focus on different technologies including [[Floating wind turbine|Floating offshore wind]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-10-19 |title=Sustainable Marine sells Swift Anchors to SCHOTTEL |url=https://www.offshore-mag.com/business-briefs/company-news/article/14284424/sustainable-marine-sells-swift-anchors-to-schottel |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore}}</ref>
=== Verdant Power ===
{{Main|Verdant Power}}
'''Verdant Power, Inc''' is a developer of tidal stream turbines, based in New York, USA. They have tested turbines in the [[East River]] since 2006. An array of six 35 kW turbines supplied power to two local businesses from May 2007 to October 2008.<ref name="nytimes20120912">{{Cite news |last=McGeehan |first=Patrick |date=2012-09-11 |title=In Quest for River's Power, an Underwater Test Spin |language=en-US |work=The New York Times |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/nyregion/in-quest-for-east-rivers-power-a-search-for-stouter-arms.html |url-status=live |url-access=subscription |access-date=2020-10-28 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120912120623/https://www.nytimes.com/2012/09/12/nyregion/in-quest-for-east-rivers-power-a-search-for-stouter-arms.html |archive-date=2012-09-12 |issn=0362-4331}}</ref> An upgraded platform with three turbines was installed in October 2020.<ref name=":27">{{Cite web |date=2020-10-28 |title=3 Tidal Turbines Pop Into New York City's East River |url=https://cleantechnica.com/2020/10/28/3-tidal-turbines%E2%80%A9-pop-into-new-york-citys-east-river/ |access-date=2020-10-28 |website=[[CleanTechnica]] |language=en-US}}</ref>
== List of grid-connected tidal stream generators ==
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{| class="wikitable sortable"
!Manufacturer & Turbine
!Turbine [[Nameplate capacity|Power]]
([[Megawatt|MW]])
!Country
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|yes
|<ref name=":19" />
|-
|Verdant Power ×6
|0.035
|{{Flag|USA}}, {{Flagu|New York}}
|[[East River]]
|{{coord|40|45|24.66|N|73|57|4.36|W|}}
|2007-05
|2008-10
|<ref name="nytimes20120912" />
|-
|MCT, [[SeaGen]]
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|Magallanes Renovables, ATIR
|1.5
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|EMEC
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{{NoteTag|Off-site from 2020-01 to 2021-04}}
|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
|-
|Verdant Power, Gen5 ×3
|0.07
|{{Flag|USA}}, {{Flagu|New York}}
|[[East River]]
|{{coord|40|45|24.66|N|73|57|4.36|W|}}
|2020-10
|Operational
|<ref name=":27" />
|-
|Nova Innovation, M100-D
|0.1
|{{flag|UK}}
{{Flagu|Scotland}}
|Bluemull Sound, Shetland
|{{Coord|60|41|59.6|N|0|58|58.1|W}}
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|<ref name=":17" /><ref name=":18" />
|-
|Nova Innovation, M100-D
|0.1
|{{flag|UK}}
| |||