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The '''SAO/NASA Astrophysics Data System''' ('''ADS''') is an [[online database]] of over 16 million [[astronomy]] and [[physics]] papers developed by the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] (NASA). [[abstract (summary)|Abstracts]] are freely available for most articles, and fully scanned articles may be available in [[Graphics Interchange Format]] (GIF) and [[Portable Document Format]] (PDF). Hosted papers may be from [[peer review]]ed and/or non-peer reviewed sources. ADS is managed by the [[Smithsonian Astrophysical Observatory]].
ADS is a powerful research tool with significant impact on the efficiency of astronomical research since it was started in 1992.<ref name="announcement">{{cite journal |last=Kurtz |first=M.J. |display-authors=et al. |year=1993 |title=Intelligent Text Retrieval in the NASA Astrophysics Data System |journal=Astronomical Data Analysis Software and Systems II |volume=52 |page=132 |bibcode=1993ASPC...52..132K}}</ref> Because its search engine is customized for astronomical needs, ADS greatly reduces the time to complete literature searches, which would commonly take days or weeks. Studies have found that the monetary benefit to astronomy that ADS saves is equivalent to several hundred million [[USD|US dollars]] annually (2005).<ref name="overview" /><ref name='impact'/>
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