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{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2024}}
Many [[
Lots of different technology variants have been tested, and there has not been convergence on a predominant typology. Most have been horizontal-axis, like wind turbines, but with 2, 3, or more blades and either mounted on a seabed fixed foundation or on a floating platform. In addition, vertical-axis turbines and tidal kites are also being developed.
Historically, development has largely been focused around Europe, but devices have been built and tested in North America
There have been various acquisitions of technology developers over the years. Many of the companies are no longer trading, or have ceased development of tidal-stream turbines. However, the first pre-commercial array demonstration projects have been operating since around 2016. Building on this, commercial arrays are expected to be operational by around 2027, at EMEC, [[Morlais]] and elsewhere.
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* The 300 kW [[Marine Current Turbines]] (MCT) SeaFlow turbine was installed in summer 2003 and tested off the coast of [[Lynmouth]], Devon, England.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2008-08-04 |title=Technology Review: Tidal Power Comes to Market |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080804110058/https://www.technologyreview.com/Energy/21142/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
* In 2004, the
* The first tidal stream turbine test site was constructed in 2005 and opened in 2006, in the Fall of Wanress to the west of Eday, Orkney, part of the European Marine Energy Centre.<ref name=":21" />
* The significantly more powerful, 1.2 MW MCT [[SeaGen]] turbine was installed in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland, in May 2008 and grid connected in July.<ref>{{Cite web |date=24 July 2020 |title=SeaGen Turbine, Northern Ireland, UK |url=https://www.power-technology.com/projects/strangford-lough/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Power Technology |language=en-US}}</ref>
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=== LHD New Energy Corporation ===
'''LHD New Energy Corporation''' have developed the Zhoushan tidal power station near Xiushan island, [[Daishan County]], China.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-05-26 |title=Tidal energy plant in China exceeds 5 years of continuous operation |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/tidal-energy-plant-in-china-exceeds-5-years-of-continuous-operation/ |access-date=2023-12-31 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> This platform above the sea is connected to land by a bridge. In 2016, the first two turbines were installed and connected to the grid, rated at 400 kW and 600 kW.<ref name=":28">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/ |title=Annual Report Ocean Energy Systems 2016 |last=IEA-OES |date=2017 |page=73}}</ref> In December 2018, two further turbines were added, a 300 kW horizontal-axis and a 400 kW vertical-axis, taking the total installed capacity to 1.7 MW.<ref name=":29">{{Cite report |url=https://www.ocean-energy-systems.org/publications/oes-annual-reports/ |title=Annual Report
=== Magallanes Renovables ===
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=== Minesto ===
'''Minesto AB''' is a Swedish developer of [[Tidal stream generator#Tidal kite turbines|tidal kite turbines]], based in [[Gothenburg]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Contact |url=https://minesto.com/contact/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Minesto |language=en}}</ref> They also have a manufacturing base in [[Holyhead]], North Wales,<ref>{{Cite web |last= |date=2020-10-07 |title=Minesto’s Holyhead Assembly Hall is now fully operational |url=https://www.marineenergywales.co.uk/u-k-news/minestos-holyhead-assembly-hall-is-now-fully-operational/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Marine Energy Wales |language=en-US}}</ref> and a test facility at [[Portaferry]], Northern Ireland. The company was formed in 2007 from the wind department of the [[Saab AB|Saab group]].<ref name=":23">{{Cite web |last=Genuth |first=Iddo |date=2013-11-19 |title=Deep Green
A scaled-down version of the turbine was tested in [[Strangford Lough]], Northern Ireland in 2011. This turbine had a wingspan of {{Convert|10|ft|m}}, a 1:4 prototype of a turbine with 12 m wingspan and 1 m rotor diameter.<ref name=":23" /><ref>{{Cite web |last=Edwards |first=Lin |last2=Phys.org |title=Deep Green underwater kite to generate electricity (w/ Video) |url=https://phys.org/news/2010-05-deep-green-underwater-kite-electricity.html |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=phys.org |language=en}}</ref>
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In 2019, Minesto tested a 500 kW '''Deep Green DG500''' turbine in the Holyhead Deep, a channel off the coast of Holyhead.<ref>{{Cite web |date=15 August 2019 |title=Minesto flies Wales tidal kite |url=https://renews.biz/54809/minesto-flies-wales-tidal-kite/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> The turbine was connected to a buoy which analysed the power produced, but it was not connected to the GB Grid.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Harris |first=Michael |date=2018-06-05 |title=Minesto's Holyhead Deep tidal generating site ready to begin production |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/world-regions/europe/minesto-s-holyhead-deep-tidal-generating-site-ready-to-begin-production/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The Holyhead Deep is within the West Anglesey Demonstration Zone, now part of the [[Morlais]] project.
Two 100 kW '''Dragon 4''' turbines were installed at [[Vestmanna
In November 2023, Minesto shipped a '''1.2 MW Dragon 12''' turbine manufactured and tested in Sweden to the Faroes.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-11-09 |title=Minesto’s 1.2MW tidal energy device on its way to Faroe Islands |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minestos-1-2mw-tidal-device-on-its-way-to-faroe-islands/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> The company have plans to build four arrays of 20–40 MW, totaling 120 MW in the Faroe Islands, reportedly supplying 40% of the islands electricity demand.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-04-13 |title=Minesto outlines tidal array build-out plan to bolster energy transition of the Faroe Islands |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/minesto-outlines-tidal-array-build-out-plan-to-bolster-energy-transition-of-the-faroe-islands/ |access-date=2024-01-01 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
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The larger 1 MW '''D10''' turbine was then developed, and tested in the [[Fromveur Passage]], Brittany from June 2015. After hackers interrupted the communications link with the turbine, it began supplying power to the grid in [[Ushant]] on 5 November 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Poindexter |first=Gregory |date=2016-03-23 |title=Hackers rendered 1-MW Sabella D10 tidal turbine inoperable in France |url=https://www.hydroreview.com/business-finance/hackers-rendered-1-mw-sabella-d10-tidal-turbine-inoperable-in-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Hydro Review |language=en-US}}</ref> The device was periodically removed for maintenance, for example in April 2019 after having been re-deployed in October 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |date=12 April 2019 |title=Sabella tidal device undergoes maintenance |url=https://renews.biz/52642/sabella-tidal-device-undergoes-maintenance/ |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref> It was redeployed for a third test campaign in April 2022,<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2022-05-04 |title=Sabella reinstalls D10 tidal turbine for third test campaign offshore France |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabella-reinstalls-d10-tidal-turbine-for-third-test-campaign-offshore-france/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> and in September 2023, it was reported the turbine was supplying around 25% of the electricity used on Ushant Island.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-10-10 |title=Sabella’s D10 tidal turbine breaks power production record |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sabellas-d10-tidal-turbine-breaks-power-production-record/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref>
The D10 turbine is also a horizontal-axis turbine, with a six-bladed rotor and a direct drive permanent magnet generator. It is mounted on a tubular steel tripod foundation approximately 23 m wide, with the turbine 12.5 m above the seabed.<ref>{{Cite conference |last=Paboeuf |first=Stéphane |last2=Sun |first2=Pascal Yen Kai |last3=Macadré |first3=Laura-Mae |last4=Malgorn |first4=Gaël |date=June
Sabella announced in January 2022 joint plans with [[Nova Innovation]] to each develop 6 MW of a 12 MW berth at Morlais.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Nova and Sabella secure 12MW Welsh tidal site |url=https://renews.biz/75200/nova-and-sabella-secure-12mw-welsh-tidal-site/ |access-date=2023-11-28 |website=reNEWS.biz}}</ref>
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'''SIMEC Atlantis Energy Ltd''' (SAE) is a renewable energy company which is developing the [[MeyGen]] tidal array in the [[Pentland Firth]] between the Scottish mainland and Orkney. Since 2017, this has operated with 4× 1.5 MW tidal turbines, making it the largest tidal-stream array worldwide. The next phases could see a further 50 MW installed by 2028.<ref>{{Cite web |title=MeyGen |url=http://saerenewables.com/tidal-stream/meygen/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=SAE Renewables |language=en-GB}}</ref>
The company was founded as '''Atlantis Resources''', and developed the 1.5 MW AR1500 turbine, a three-bladed horizontal-axis seabed mounded device, three of which are installed at [[MeyGen]]. They also built a smaller 500 kW AR500 turbine in Scotland, which was shipped to
=== Sustainable Marine Energy ===
'''Sustainable Marine Energy Ltd''' (SME) was a developer of floating tidal stream turbines, founded in 2012 but went into administration in August 2023.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Garanovic |first=Amir |date=2023-08-10 |title=Sustainable Marine Energy sinks into administration |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/sustainable-marine-energy-sinks-into-administration/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Offshore Energy |language=en-US}}</ref> Originally based in London, it moved to [[East Cowes]],
Their first platform, '''PLAT-O''', was a submerged mid-water-column device, with two 50 kW [[Schottel (company)|Schottel]] SIT turbines, mounted between three buoyant hulls. It was initially tested in [[The Solent]], before being tested at [[European Marine Energy Centre|EMEC]] in 2016.<ref>{{Cite web |date=9 June 2016 |title=SME wets Plato head |url=https://renews.biz/42313/sme-wets-plato-head/ |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=ReNEWS.biz}}</ref>
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'''Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies GmbH''' was a joint venture between [[Voith|Voith Hydro]] and [[RWE Innogy]] that developed tidal stream turbines, however Innogy sold their stake in November 2013.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2010-06-14 |title=Voith to install tidal turbine in Scotland |url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/content/news/voith-to-install-tidal-turbine-in-scotland/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=The Engineer |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Carruthers |first=Quentin |date=2013-12-02 |title=Innogy exits Voith Hydro Ocean Current Technologies |url=https://globalventuring.com/corporate/innogy-exits-voith-hydro-ocean-current-technologies/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Global Venturing}}</ref>
The 110 kW HyTide
A full-scale 1 MW horizontal-axis turbine was then tested at EMEC between 2013 and 2015.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tidal clients / Voith Hydro |url=https://www.emec.org.uk/about-us/our-tidal-clients/voith-hydro/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=EMEC: European Marine Energy Centre |language=}}</ref> The HyTide 1000 had a 13 m diameter rotor (133 m² swept area), and weighed around 200 tonnes. It was installed by ''SLA Offshore'' in September 2013, from the [[Dynamic positioning|DP II]] vessel ''MV Lone''.<ref>{{Cite web |last= |first= |date=2015-03-25 |title=VIDEO: Tidal turbine deployment process |url=https://www.offshore-energy.biz/video-tidal-turbine-deployment-process/ |access-date=2024-01-06 |website=Offshore Energy |language=}}</ref>
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|Lynmouth, Devon
|{{coord|51|15|22|N|3|47|14|W|}}
|2003–06
|2006-01
|<ref name=":11" />
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|{{coord|40|45|24.66|N|73|57|4.36|W|}}
|2007-05
|2008–10
|<ref name="nytimes20120912" />
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|[[Strangford Lough|Strangford Narrows]]
|{{Coord|54|22|7.2|N|5|32|45.8|W}}
|2008–12
|2018-08
|<ref name=":13" />
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|2017-02
|Operational
|<ref name=":10">{{Cite web |title=First Tidal Energy Turbine with Lockheed Martin Technology Deployed Off Scotland Coast |url=https://news.lockheedmartin.com/2017-02-23-First-Tidal-Energy-Turbine-with-Lockheed-Martin-Technology-Deployed-Off-Scotland-Coast |access-date=2023-12-22 |website=Media
|-
|Nova Innovation, M100
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|2019-02
|Operational
{{NoteTag|Off-site from 2020
|<ref name=":6" /><ref name=":7" />
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